在早期文明的興起中,，證據(jù)表明一個(gè)重要的刺激因素是定居農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,，這引發(fā)了一系列人類社區(qū)組織的變化,，最終導(dǎo)致了大型古代帝國(guó)的崛起。

關(guān)于作物首次成功培養(yǎng)的確切時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)尚不確定,。許多史前學(xué)者認(rèn)為,，農(nóng)業(yè)可能在世界多個(gè)地區(qū)獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)的小型社區(qū)由于人口增加和可用食物資源減少,，開始在土地上播種，以確保生存,。第一批農(nóng)民可能生活在大約10,000年前,，他們無疑使用了簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)，并主要依賴其他形式的食物生產(chǎn),，如狩獵,、覓食或放牧,。真正的突破發(fā)生在農(nóng)民開始在河流系統(tǒng)的洪泛區(qū)種植作物時(shí)。這種地區(qū)的作物不那么依賴降雨,，因此收成更為可靠,。此外，河水?dāng)y帶的沉積物將營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)沉積在土壤中，使得農(nóng)民可以在同一塊土地上耕種多年而無需遷移,。因此，第一批真正的定居社會(huì)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,。隨著時(shí)間的推移,，這些社區(qū)逐漸學(xué)會(huì)如何引導(dǎo)水流，以增強(qiáng)土地的生產(chǎn)能力,，而鐵犁的引入最終使得重土的耕種成為可能,。

這種河谷農(nóng)業(yè)在亞洲和非洲各地的傳播是早期文明興起的決定性因素。這些地區(qū)糧食生產(chǎn)的增加導(dǎo)致了人口的顯著增長(zhǎng),，而控制水流以最大化灌溉和保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衩馐芡獠繑硨?duì)力量的努力則促成了大規(guī)模合作活動(dòng)的初步形成。監(jiān)督整個(gè)過程的需要催生了精英階層,，最終演變?yōu)檎?/p>

早期文明的第一步發(fā)生在公元前四千年和三千年間的美索不達(dá)米亞,、北非、印度和中國(guó),。盡管這些地區(qū)的第一政府如何形成尚不可知，但人類學(xué)家在研究世界各地人類社區(qū)的演變時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),，一個(gè)共同階段是“強(qiáng)勢(shì)人物”的出現(xiàn),。這些人在軍事才能、個(gè)人魅力或政治才能方面逐漸成為社區(qū)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,。隨著時(shí)間的推移，“強(qiáng)勢(shì)人物”成為權(quán)威的正式象征,，并將這種權(quán)威傳遞給自己家庭中的其他成員,。隨著社區(qū)規(guī)模和物質(zhì)財(cái)富的不斷增長(zhǎng)，“強(qiáng)勢(shì)人物”獲得了世襲地位,，他們的盟友和家庭成員轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭酪u君主制。

這些定居社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)對(duì)其邊界內(nèi)人民的社會(huì)組織,、宗教信仰和生活方式產(chǎn)生了重大影響。隨著人口的增加和中央權(quán)威的發(fā)展,，城市開始出現(xiàn),。雖然一些城市與特定的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能相關(guān)聯(lián)，如靠近金礦或鐵礦,，或位于主要貿(mào)易路線的戰(zhàn)略位置,，其他城市則主要作為行政中心或官方宗教祭祀的廟宇所在地。在這些城市中,，為滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)服務(wù)和消費(fèi)品需求,，新的生計(jì)形式不斷涌現(xiàn)

TOEFL Reading Vocabulary Practice ??

As a TOEFL test taker, mastering vocabulary is crucial for improving your reading comprehension skills. In this article, we will explore effective strategies to enhance your vocabulary and provide some practical exercises that can help you prepare for the exam.

1. Importance of Vocabulary in TOEFL Reading ??

A strong vocabulary allows you to understand the nuances of the text, identify the main ideas, and make inferences. It is essential for answering questions accurately and efficiently. The TOEFL reading section often includes academic texts from various fields, so familiarizing yourself with a wide range of vocabulary is beneficial.

2. Effective Strategies for Vocabulary Building ??

Here are some strategies you can implement to improve your vocabulary:

• Read Regularly: Engage with English literature, scientific articles, and newspapers. This will expose you to new words in context.
• Create a Vocabulary Journal: Write down unfamiliar words, their definitions, and example sentences. Review this journal regularly.
• Use Flashcards: Create flashcards with a word on one side and its meaning on the other. Use apps like Anki for digital flashcards.
• Practice with Context: When learning new words, try to use them in sentences or short paragraphs to reinforce your understanding.

3. Sample Vocabulary Exercise ??

Here’s a sample exercise to test your vocabulary skills:

Reading Text:

“The phenomenon of urbanization has led to significant changes in social structures and environmental conditions. As cities expand, the demand for resources increases, resulting in both opportunities and challenges.”

Questions:

1. What does the term “urbanization” refer to?
2. Identify two consequences of urbanization mentioned in the text.

Sample Answers:

1. Urbanization refers to the process by which cities grow and more people move into urban areas.
2. The two consequences of urbanization are increased demand for resources and changes in social structures.

4. Practice with Real TOEFL Questions ??

Familiarize yourself with actual TOEFL reading questions. Here’s a new question based on the above reading passage:

New Question: What might be a challenge faced by cities as they undergo urbanization?

Predicted Answer: A challenge could be managing the increased demand for housing and infrastructure.

5. Recommended Topics for Vocabulary Practice ??

Focus on diverse topics that frequently appear in TOEFL readings. Some recommended topics include:

• Environmental Issues
• Technology and Innovation
• Health and Medicine
• Cultural Studies
• Economics and Business

6. Listening and Vocabulary Integration ??

Listening practice can also enhance your vocabulary. Here’s a listening exercise:

Listening Text: “In recent years, the rise of renewable energy sources has transformed the way we think about power generation. Solar and wind energy are at the forefront of this transition.”

Question: What are two renewable energy sources mentioned in the text?

Reference Answer: Solar energy and wind energy.

7. Conclusion ??

Improving your vocabulary for the TOEFL reading section requires consistent practice and engagement with various materials. By implementing the strategies mentioned above and utilizing the exercises provided, you can build a robust vocabulary that will aid you in achieving your desired score. Remember, every little bit of practice counts! Good luck with your TOEFL preparation!

Preparing for the TOEFL can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to the reading section. One effective strategy is to incorporate daily practice with “Daily TOEFL Reading Practice Questions”. This article will guide you on how to make the most of your daily reading practice and improve your score. ??

Understanding the Structure

The TOEFL reading section typically consists of 3-4 passages, each followed by a set of questions. These passages can cover a variety of topics, including science, history, and social studies. Familiarizing yourself with this structure is crucial. Here’s a sample passage and questions:

Sample Passage:
“The process of photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth. Plants convert sunlight into energy, producing oxygen as a byproduct. This process not only sustains plant life but also supports animal life, making it essential for the ecosystem.”

Sample Questions:
1. What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis?
2. How does photosynthesis affect animal life?

Daily Practice Routine

To effectively utilize daily reading practice, consider the following routine:

• Choose a Passage: Select a passage from a TOEFL preparation book or an online resource. Aim for a mix of subjects to broaden your understanding.
• Set a Timer: Allocate 20 minutes for reading the passage and answering the questions. This simulates the exam environment and helps build time management skills.
• Review Your Answers: After completing the questions, review your answers against the correct ones. Understand why certain answers are correct and others are not. ??

Expanding Vocabulary

Building a strong vocabulary is essential for tackling the reading section. Here are some tips:

• Word Lists: Create a list of new words encountered during your reading practice. Use flashcards to reinforce memory.
• Contextual Learning: Pay attention to how words are used in context. This will help you understand their meanings better.
• Practice Synonyms: The TOEFL often tests synonyms. Familiarize yourself with common synonyms to enhance comprehension.

Utilizing Online Resources

There are numerous online platforms offering free TOEFL reading practice. Websites like ETS, Magoosh, and Kaplan provide valuable resources. Additionally, consider joining online forums or study groups to share insights and strategies with fellow test-takers. ??

Sample New Question Predictions

While it's impossible to predict the exact questions, being aware of common themes can help. For example:

• The impact of technology on education.
• Environmental issues and sustainability efforts.
• Cultural influences on societal development.

Conclusion

Incorporating daily TOEFL reading practice into your study routine can significantly enhance your skills. Focus on understanding the structure, expanding your vocabulary, and utilizing available resources. Remember, consistency is key! Good luck on your TOEFL journey! ??