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官方真題Official1托福聽力Lecture3文本+真題+答案解析

2025-01-23 08:05:38

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在托福備考過程中，官方真題Official托福?？架浖强忌鷤冏畛Ｊ褂玫墓ぞ咧弧Ｌ貏e是在聽力部分,，利用這些官方真題可以有效提升自己的托福成績。今天,，小編為大家…

1官方真題Official1托福聽力Lecture3文本+真題+答案解析

在托福備考過程中,，官方真題Official托福?？架浖强忌鷤冏畛Ｊ褂玫墓ぞ咧弧Ｌ貏e是在聽力部分,，利用這些官方真題可以有效提升自己的托福成績。今天,，小編為大家整理了官方真題Official1托福聽力Lecture3的文本、題目和答案解析,，希望能夠幫助大家更好地備考托福聽力。

Official1 TOEFL Listening Lecture 3 Transcript

?atalh?yük

Professor: Alright, we’ve been discussing early agriculture in the Near East. Let’s focus on a specific site and see what insights we can gain from it. This site is called ?atalh?yük. I should probably write that down. It’s pronounced ?atalh?yük, which is Turkish. The site is located in present-day Turkey, but we can only speculate what the original inhabitants named it.

Catalhoyuk wasn’t the very first agricultural settlement in the Near East, but it dates back to around 9000 years ago during the Neolithic period. This settlement, or rather town, thrived for about a thousand years and reached a population of approximately eight to ten thousand people, making it one of the largest towns globally at that time.

What makes this settlement remarkable is its historical context. It belongs to the Neolithic era, also known as the late Stone Age. The inhabitants utilized only stone tools, lacking any metal implements. Everything they achieved, including the construction of this town, was done using stone, along with materials like wood and bricks.

However, it’s crucial to note that they had access to obsidian. Obsidian is a black volcanic glass that splits into extremely sharp edges. The sharpest tools from the entire Stone Age were crafted from obsidian. The residents of Catalhoyuk likely sourced their obsidian from inland regions of central Turkey through trade.

Now, I’d like to draw your attention to the town's architectural layout. The houses were rectangular, single-story structures made from sun-dried bricks. What stands out is the absence of spaces between them—no streets, in essence—and typically no doors either. Residents accessed their homes via the rooftops, entering through a hatchway on the roof using a wooden ladder. You can still observe diagonal marks left by the ladders on the plastered interior walls.

Inside each house, there was usually one main room accompanied by a couple of smaller storage rooms. The primary room contained hearths for cooking and heating, especially important during the cold winters. Evidence suggests that tool-making occurred near these fires, as many obsidian flakes and chips have been found in the hearth ashes, yet there were no chimneys.

The smoke would escape through the same hatchway used for entry and exit. Consequently, there would have been an open fire inside the home with only one opening in the roof for ventilation. For us, it might seem excessively smoky. The walls were plastered and adorned with paintings, but they eventually accumulated a layer of black soot. Interestingly, the bones discovered in graves reveal soot deposits inside the ribcages.

Another intriguing aspect of Catalhoyuk is its burial customs. Graves have been discovered beneath the houses, directly under the floors. This practice may explain the tightly packed arrangement of the houses without streets. While one might assume it was for protection, no evidence of violent attacks has been found to suggest such dangers. It’s possible they wished to live close to their ancestors’ graves and be buried nearby themselves.

From excavations, we can ascertain the arrangement of the houses and the locations of the graves, but the reasons behind these choices remain speculative. This is a fundamental challenge in archaeology; we work with physical remnants left behind by people, but we lack direct access to their thoughts and feelings. It’s fascinating to theorize, and physical artifacts can provide clues, yet much remains uncertain.