托福聽力常考知識點剖析:重塑更新世
托福聽力部分涵蓋廣泛的學(xué)術(shù)主題,,尤其是課堂講座類內(nèi)容,,其中“更新世”這一知識點經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。掌握相關(guān)背景知識和高頻考點,,可以幫助考生更快地理解聽力材料。本文將結(jié)合官方真題Official22的Lecture3,,深入探討更新世的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
Introduction:
Pleistocene Rewilding
更新世時期,,大多數(shù)動植物的種類與現(xiàn)代相似,其顯著特征是氣候變冷,,冰期與間冰期交替,。人類也在這一時期出現(xiàn),植物逐漸與現(xiàn)代植物接近,,特別是落葉植物在溫帶和寒冷地區(qū)迅速繁殖。猛犸象,、駱駝,、馬、巨型河貍,、狼和短面熊等適應(yīng)寒冷的動物在冰期內(nèi)遍布亞洲、歐洲和美洲,。約2萬年前,,現(xiàn)代人類通過白令海峽進入美洲。
Background Information:
Pleistocene rewilding advocates the reintroduction of descendants of Pleistocene megafauna or their close ecological equivalents. This practice extends conservation efforts by reintroducing species to areas where they have recently gone extinct (within the last few hundred years).
At the end of the Pleistocene era (approximately 13,000 to 10,000 years ago), nearly all megafauna in South, Central, and North America as well as Europe faced extinction. The loss of large herbivores and predators left significant ecological niches unoccupied. According to biologist Tim Flannery, "ever since the extinction of the megafauna 13,000 years ago, the continent has had a seriously unbalanced fauna." Consequently, national park managers in North America often resort to culling to control ungulate populations.
Paul S. Martin, who originated the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis, argues that current ecological communities in North America do not function properly without megafauna, as much of the native flora and fauna evolved under the influence of large mammals.
Knowledge Points:
1. 重塑更新世是指將更新世的巨型動物或其生態(tài)等價物重新引入,。具體活動包括在物種滅絕的地區(qū)重新引入這些物種,。
2. 在更新世末期,,南美、北美和歐洲的巨型動物幾乎全部滅絕,,隨著大型食草動物和掠食者的消失,,生態(tài)功能的重要機制被空缺。
Vocabulary Prediction:
Test Point – Official Question from Official22L3:
So here’s the biologists’ idea. Take a select group of animals, megafauna from places like Africa and Asia, and introduce them into other ecosystems similar to their current homes, beginning in the United States. They call their plan Pleistocene rewilding.
Now, the advocates of Pleistocene rewilding cite two main goals. One is to help prevent the extinction of some endangered megafauna by providing new refuges, new habitats for them. The other is to restore some of the evolutionary and ecological potential that has been lost in North America. What do I mean by restore evolutionary potential? Well, as you know, the evolution of any species is largely influenced by its interactions with other species. So during the Pleistocene epoch... let’s take the now extinct American cheetah, for instance. We believe it played a pivotal role in the evolution of the pronghorn antelope, the antelope’s amazing speed, to be exact, because natural selection would favor those antelope that could outrun a cheetah. When the American cheetahs disappeared, their influence on the evolution of pronghorn and presumably on other prey animals stopped. So it is conceivable that the pronghorn antelope would have continued to evolve, get faster maybe, if the cheetahs were still around. That’s what’s meant by evolutionary potential. Importing African cheetahs to the western United States could, in theory, put the pronghorn back onto its natural evolutionary trajectory according to these biologists.
Knowledge Points:
1. 在非洲和亞洲選擇一組動物,,將它們引入到與其生活環(huán)境相似的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,例如美國,。這個計劃稱為重塑更新世,。
2. 科學(xué)家為重塑更新世設(shè)定了兩個主要目標:一是幫助阻止大型動物的滅絕,二是修復(fù)在北美丟失的生態(tài)潛力,。
托福聽力??贾R點剖析:重塑更新世。通過對更新世的深入了解,,考生能夠更好地應(yīng)對相關(guān)聽力材料,,提高托福考試的聽力成績,。掌握這些知識點,,無疑會為你的托福備考增添助力。
在托??荚囍?,聽力部分是一個不可忽視的環(huán)節(jié)。許多考生在備考過程中常常感到困惑,,不知道如何提高自己的聽力技能,。本文將為您解析一些實用的托福聽力技巧,幫助您在考試中取得更好的成績,。??
1. 熟悉考試格式
了解托福聽力的考試格式是非常重要的,。托福聽力部分通常包含四到六個聽力材料,包括對話和講座,。每個聽力材料后會有若干道題目,。考生需要在有限的時間內(nèi)認真聽取并理解內(nèi)容,。因此,,熟悉這些題型和聽力材料的結(jié)構(gòu)可以幫助您更有效地應(yīng)對考試。
2. 提高聽力理解能力
為了提高聽力理解能力,,考生可以通過以下方法進行練習(xí):
3. 記筆記的技巧
在聽力考試中,,記筆記是一項重要的技能,。以下是一些有效的記筆記技巧:
4. 練習(xí)預(yù)測能力
在聽力過程中,預(yù)測即將出現(xiàn)的信息可以幫助提高理解能力,。您可以在聽之前根據(jù)題目和選項進行預(yù)測。例如,,如果題目是關(guān)于某個事件的原因,,您可以提前想想可能的答案。這樣在聽的時候,,您會更加專注于尋找支持您預(yù)測的信息,。
5. 關(guān)注說話者的語氣和情感
說話者的語氣和情感往往會傳達出更多的信息。通過觀察說話者的語調(diào)變化,、重音和停頓,,可以幫助您理解他們的態(tài)度和觀點。這對于解答題目中的推理題尤為重要,。
6. 反復(fù)練習(xí)與模擬考試
定期進行模擬考試可以幫助您適應(yīng)考試節(jié)奏,,提升應(yīng)試能力。建議您每周至少進行一次完整的托福聽力模擬測試,,并對錯題進行詳細分析,。這樣可以幫助您識別自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),,從而有針對性地進行改進,。??
7. 資源推薦
以下是一些推薦的學(xué)習(xí)資源,供您參考:
通過以上技巧的實踐,相信您能夠在托福聽力考試中取得理想的成績,。祝您備考順利!??
對于準備托??荚嚨目忌鷣碚f,,聽力部分是一個不可忽視的環(huán)節(jié),。掌握聽力的常見題型,,不僅可以提高分數(shù),還能增強整體的考試信心,。本文將為大家詳細分析托福聽力中的常見題型,,并提供一些實用的備考建議。??
1. 主旨大意題
主旨大意題通常要求考生總結(jié)聽到的內(nèi)容或理解講者的主要觀點,。這類題目一般會在聽力材料的開頭或結(jié)尾出現(xiàn),。
Example Question: What is the main idea of the lecture?
Reference Answer: The lecture discusses the impact of climate change on polar bears.
在解答這類問題時,,注意抓住講者的語氣和關(guān)鍵詞??梢栽诼犃^程中做些筆記,,幫助自己在選項中快速找到答案。??
2. 細節(jié)理解題
細節(jié)理解題要求考生在聽力材料中尋找特定的信息,。這類題目通常涉及具體的事實、數(shù)據(jù)或例子,。
Example Question: According to the speaker, what is one reason for the decline in bee populations?
Reference Answer: The use of pesticides in agriculture is a significant factor.
為了應(yīng)對細節(jié)理解題,,考生需要集中注意力,,尤其是在聽到數(shù)字和名詞時,可以提前預(yù)測可能會問到的細節(jié),。??
3. 推理判斷題
推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)聽到的信息進行推測,。這類題目通常需要對信息進行綜合分析,而不僅僅是簡單的回憶,。
Example Question: What can be inferred about the speaker's attitude towards technology?
Reference Answer: The speaker seems to view technology as both beneficial and potentially harmful.
在解答推理判斷題時,考生應(yīng)關(guān)注講者的態(tài)度,、情緒和語氣變化,,這些都能為推理提供線索。??
4. 例證題
例證題通常要求考生識別講者所提到的例子,,以支持其觀點,。這類題目考查考生對具體信息的理解能力。
Example Question: Which of the following is an example given by the speaker?
Reference Answer: The speaker mentions the case of the endangered species in Australia.
在聽力過程中,,留意講者使用的“for example”或“such as”等詞匯,,通常會引出例證。??
5. 觀點對比題
觀點對比題要求考生比較不同的觀點或立場,。這類題目通常涉及兩位或多位講者的意見,。
Example Question: How do the two speakers differ in their opinions about renewable energy?
Reference Answer: One speaker supports it wholeheartedly, while the other expresses concerns about its feasibility.
在處理這類題目時,考生需要注意各個觀點之間的差異,,做好對比分析。??
備考建議
為了有效應(yīng)對托福聽力的各種題型,,考生可以采取以下策略:
通過了解并掌握這些常見題型,,考生們將能更從容地應(yīng)對托福聽力部分的挑戰(zhàn)。祝大家備考順利,,取得理想的成績,!??