在托福閱讀中，因果關(guān)系詞的運(yùn)用是考生必須掌握的一項(xiàng)技能,。這些詞不僅幫助我們理解文章的邏輯關(guān)系,，還能在解題時(shí)提供重要線(xiàn)索。本文將通過(guò)實(shí)例分析如何有效利用因果關(guān)系詞來(lái)提高解題效率,，助力托?？忌樌ㄟ^(guò)閱讀部分。

首先,，因果關(guān)系詞可以分為兩類(lèi)：原因詞和結(jié)果詞,。原因詞包括：as, since, thanks to, as a result of, because of, owing to, result from, due to, on account of, by virtue of, in that, attribute to；而結(jié)果詞則有：as a consequence, thus, hence, so, as a result, result in, contribute to, lead to, cause, breed, trigger,。

接下來(lái),，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)典型的托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題。在這類(lèi)題目中,，考生需要將一段長(zhǎng)句子簡(jiǎn)化為同義句,。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，原句的核心信息通常會(huì)在正確選項(xiàng)中被同義改寫(xiě),，但邏輯關(guān)系不會(huì)改變,。了解這一點(diǎn)后，解題就變得簡(jiǎn)單多了,。

例題：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

在做題時(shí),，建議考生首先提取句子的主謂賓，并關(guān)注邏輯關(guān)系,。例句中的主語(yǔ)是“seriousness of desertification”,，而邏輯關(guān)系詞“result from”提示我們要尋找表示原因的選項(xiàng)。經(jīng)過(guò)分析,，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)中有“because”,，符合條件，而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)則錯(cuò)誤地將兩個(gè)原因轉(zhuǎn)化為了因果關(guān)系,，因此A為正確答案,。

接著，我們來(lái)分析推斷題,。推斷題要求考生從文中提取信息并進(jìn)行合理推測(cè),。推斷的關(guān)鍵在于提煉關(guān)鍵詞并找到相關(guān)線(xiàn)索。

例題：

Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

A. He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

B. He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate

Understanding Cause and Effect in TOEFL Reading

As a TOEFL candidate, mastering reading comprehension is crucial for achieving a high score. One of the key concepts you will encounter is the cause and effect relationship. Recognizing these relationships can significantly enhance your understanding of the text and improve your ability to answer related questions. Let's explore some effective strategies! ??

Identifying Cause and Effect

In many passages, authors present ideas through cause and effect. This means that one event (the cause) leads to another event (the effect). For instance, consider the following example:

"Heavy rainfall (cause) leads to flooding (effect)."

When reading, look for signal words that indicate these relationships, such as "because," "therefore," "as a result," and "due to." These words often serve as clues to help you identify how different parts of the text connect. ??

Practice with Sample Questions

To strengthen your skills, practice with sample questions. Here’s an example:

Reading Text: "The increase in global temperatures has caused polar ice caps to melt. As a result, sea levels are rising."

Question: What is the effect of the increase in global temperatures?

Answer Choices:

• A) Polar ice caps are melting.
• B) Sea levels are rising.
• C) Global temperatures are decreasing.
• D) Weather patterns are changing.

The correct answer is B) Sea levels are rising. This shows how understanding the cause (increase in global temperatures) helps identify the effect (rising sea levels). ??

Utilizing Context Clues

Sometimes, the cause and effect relationships may not be explicitly stated. In such cases, you can rely on context clues within the passage. Pay attention to the overall theme and the details that support it. For example:

"Due to the lack of sunlight, plants cannot photosynthesize effectively, resulting in stunted growth."

Here, the phrase "due to" indicates the cause, while "resulting in" points to the effect. By recognizing these phrases, you can deduce the relationships even when they are not directly stated. ??

Time Management Strategies

During the TOEFL reading section, time management is essential. When approaching passages with cause and effect relationships, consider the following tips:

• Skim the passage first to get a general idea before diving into details.
• Highlight or take notes on key phrases that indicate cause and effect.
• Allocate your time wisely; if a question is taking too long, move on and return later if needed.

By applying these strategies, you can navigate the reading section more efficiently. ?

Conclusion

Mastering cause and effect relationships in TOEFL reading is a valuable skill that can lead to better comprehension and improved scores. By practicing regularly, utilizing context clues, and managing your time effectively, you can enhance your reading proficiency. Good luck with your studies and happy reading! ??

在托?？荚囍?，閱讀理解部分是非常重要的組成部分,。特別是在理解段落中的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，考生需要掌握一些有效的方法,。本文將分享一些實(shí)用的技巧,，幫助你更好地分析因果關(guān)系，從而提高你的閱讀理解能力,。??

1. 理解因果關(guān)系的基本概念

因果關(guān)系通常指的是一個(gè)事件（原因）導(dǎo)致另一個(gè)事件（結(jié)果）的情況,。在托福閱讀中，識(shí)別這些關(guān)系可以幫助你更準(zhǔn)確地理解文章的主旨和細(xì)節(jié),。常見(jiàn)的因果關(guān)系詞包括：

• because
• therefore
• as a result
• due to
• consequently

這些詞匯通常會(huì)直接指示出原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系，因此在閱讀時(shí)要特別留意這些信號(hào)詞,。??

2. 分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)

托福閱讀的段落通常有明確的結(jié)構(gòu),。了解這一點(diǎn)可以幫助你快速找到因果關(guān)系。以下是一些常見(jiàn)的段落結(jié)構(gòu)：

• 引言-原因-結(jié)果
• 問(wèn)題-解決方案
• 對(duì)比-總結(jié)

例如,，在一段描述環(huán)境變化的文章中,，你可能會(huì)看到類(lèi)似這樣的句子：“由于溫室氣體的增加，全球氣溫上升,?！边@里，“溫室氣體的增加”是原因,，而“全球氣溫上升”是結(jié)果,。??

3. 識(shí)別例子與反例

在閱讀時(shí)，考生還需要注意作者是否提供了具體的例子或反例來(lái)支持因果關(guān)系的論述,。這些例子可以幫助你更清晰地理解因果關(guān)系,。例如：

Reading Text: “Many species have become extinct due to habitat destruction. For instance, the passenger pigeon was once abundant, but its population declined drastically because of deforestation.”

在這個(gè)例子中，habitat destruction 是原因,，而 extinction of species 是結(jié)果,。通過(guò)具體的例子，作者強(qiáng)化了因果關(guān)系的可信度,。??

4. 做題技巧

在托福閱讀中,，因果關(guān)系的題目通常會(huì)詢(xún)問(wèn)原因或結(jié)果?？忌梢允褂靡韵录记蓙?lái)解答這類(lèi)問(wèn)題：

• 先找到段落的主題句,，通常它會(huì)概述主要觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
• 注意段落中的信號(hào)詞,，幫助你識(shí)別因果關(guān)系,。
• 回顧例子，確保理解作者的論證方式,。

例如,，假設(shè)你遇到這樣的問(wèn)題：

Question: What is the main reason for the decline in the passenger pigeon population?

參考答案應(yīng)該是：“The main reason for the decline in the passenger pigeon population is habitat destruction caused by deforestation.”

5. 多做練習(xí)

最后,，最有效的方法就是多做練習(xí)?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)閱讀不同主題的文章,，嘗試找出其中的因果關(guān)系。推薦一些網(wǎng)站和書(shū)籍來(lái)幫助你提高閱讀理解能力：

• Official TOEFL Prep Materials
• ETS TOEFL Reading Practice Sets
• Online platforms like Magoosh and Kaplan

通過(guò)不斷練習(xí),，你將能夠更加自信地應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀的挑戰(zhàn),。??

希望以上方法能幫助你在托福閱讀中更好地分析因果關(guān)系，提升你的分?jǐn)?shù),。祝你備考順利,！