在準(zhǔn)備托福閱讀考試時(shí),，了解一些背景知識(shí)可以顯著提高你的閱讀速度和答題效率,。本文將為托福考生介紹與Hammurabi相關(guān)的背景知識(shí),，希望幫助大家在備考過程中更好地掌握相關(guān)內(nèi)容,。

The Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi, the king who significantly elevated Babylon's status as the world's first major city, ruled from 1795 to 1750 BC. His reign has left many artifacts, with the most notable being his code of laws. This code represents one of the earliest instances where a ruler publicly declared a comprehensive set of laws for his subjects, organized into clear categories for easy understanding.

The law code was inscribed on an eight-foot tall black stone monument, intended for public display. Discovered in 1901—not in Babylon, but in a Persian city—this stone likely traveled there after Babylon's decline. The code opens and closes with invocations to the gods, indicating that even legal matters were intertwined with religious practices at that time. The text includes curses aimed at those who would disregard or destroy these laws.

Despite its significance, Hammurabi’s code was not the first of its kind. Earlier law codes have been lost to history, but evidence suggests they existed prior to Hammurabi’s time. His code is a reorganization of a pre-existing legal framework.

Plant Adaptation to the Desert

Cactus Adaptations

The remarkable resilience of cacti stems from their unique adaptations developed over millions of years through natural selection. Plants that thrive in arid environments are known as xerophytes. Some xerophytes avoid drought by germinating quickly after spring rains, growing rapidly to produce seeds before the dry season arrives. Others may shed their leaves and enter dormancy until conditions improve.

Cacti, classified as succulents, store water in their fleshy tissues. When sliced open, a cactus reveals a juicy interior where moisture is retained for dry periods. The inner tissue, located between the pith and the green outer layer, is designed for water and food storage, making up to 85% of the plant's volume. This adaptation allows cacti to survive without des

作為托福考生,，了解歷史與文化背景是提高語言能力的重要部分,。Hammurabi法典是古代美索不達(dá)米亞地區(qū)的一部重要法律文獻(xiàn),，它不僅反映了當(dāng)時(shí)的法律體系，還展示了社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。本文將對(duì)Hammurabi法典進(jìn)行解讀,，并探討其對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的影響。

一,、Hammurabi法典的背景

Hammurabi法典于公元前18世紀(jì)由巴比倫國王哈穆拉比制定,，是已知最早的成文法典之一。它包含282條法律,，涵蓋了商業(yè),、家庭、刑事等多個(gè)方面,。這些法律的目的在于維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序和公平正義。

二,、法典的主要內(nèi)容

法典中的法律大多是以“如果……那么……”的形式出現(xiàn),，強(qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系。例如,，“如果一個(gè)人損壞了另一個(gè)人的財(cái)物,，那么他必須賠償?！边@種明確的法律條款有助于減少爭議,，提高法律的可執(zhí)行性。??

此外,，法典還體現(xiàn)了“以眼還眼,，以牙還牙”的原則，這意味著懲罰應(yīng)該與犯罪相稱,。這種理念在當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)中被廣泛接受,，反映了對(duì)公平和正義的追求。

三,、法典的影響

Hammurabi法典不僅對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響,，也為后來的法律體系奠定了基礎(chǔ)。許多現(xiàn)代法律的原則可以追溯到這一法典,，例如責(zé)任,、賠償和公平審判等概念。??

在學(xué)習(xí)托福時(shí),，考生可以通過分析Hammurabi法典來提高自己的閱讀理解能力,，特別是在法律和社會(huì)學(xué)相關(guān)的文本中。理解這些歷史背景可以幫助考生在寫作中引用相關(guān)例子,，從而增強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)的說服力,。

四,、如何在托福考試中應(yīng)用這些知識(shí)

在托?？荚囍?，考生可能會(huì)遇到與法律、歷史或社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)的話題,。以下是一些可能的題目和參考答案：

• Sample Question: Discuss the significance of written laws in ancient societies.
• Sample Answer: Written laws, such as the Hammurabi Code, played a crucial role in establishing order and accountability in ancient societies. They provided a clear framework for justice, which helped to reduce conflicts and promote fairness.

考生在準(zhǔn)備時(shí),，可以嘗試用Hammurabi法典的例子來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。這樣的準(zhǔn)備不僅能增強(qiáng)邏輯性,，還能讓文章更具深度,。

五、詞匯提升

為了更好地理解和討論Hammurabi法典,，考生可以掌握以下相關(guān)詞匯：

• Code (法典)
• Justice (正義)
• Accountability (問責(zé)制)
• Society (社會(huì))
• Legislation (立法)

這些詞匯在寫作和口語中都非常實(shí)用,，有助于考生表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想。

六,、預(yù)測與新題

在未來的托?？荚囍校忌赡軙?huì)遇到與法律,、倫理或歷史相關(guān)的新題,。建議考生關(guān)注社會(huì)公正和法律演變的話題，以便在考試中游刃有余,。

Understanding the Importance of Background Knowledge in TOEFL Reading

As a TOEFL test taker, you may often wonder how to enhance your reading skills and improve your scores. One effective strategy is to develop your background knowledge on various topics. This article will explore why background knowledge is crucial for TOEFL reading comprehension and provide tips on how to expand your knowledge effectively. ??

Why Background Knowledge Matters

Background knowledge refers to the information and experiences that a reader brings to a text. In the context of TOEFL reading, having relevant background knowledge can:

• Enhance Comprehension: When you are familiar with a topic, you can connect new information with what you already know, making it easier to understand complex texts.
• Improve Vocabulary: Knowing the context of a subject helps you grasp the meaning of specific terms and phrases used in the reading passages.
• Increase Speed: Familiarity with a topic allows you to read faster since you spend less time deciphering unfamiliar concepts.

Areas to Focus On

To prepare for the TOEFL reading section, consider focusing on the following areas:

• Science: Topics like biology, physics, and environmental science are common in TOEFL readings. Familiarize yourself with key concepts and terminology. ??
• History: Understanding significant historical events and figures can help you tackle passages related to social studies. ???
• Literature: Read summaries of classic literature and familiarize yourself with literary terms and themes. ??
• Current Events: Keeping up with news articles can provide insights into contemporary issues, which may appear in TOEFL readings. ??

Effective Strategies to Build Background Knowledge

Here are some practical strategies to enhance your background knowledge:

• Read Widely: Diversify your reading materials. Include academic journals, newspapers, and books across different subjects.
• Use Online Resources: Websites like Khan Academy, Coursera, and TED Talks offer valuable information on various topics. ??
• Join Study Groups: Collaborating with peers can expose you to different perspectives and knowledge areas.
• Practice with Sample Questions: Familiarize yourself with TOEFL reading questions by practicing with sample tests. This not only improves your skills but also helps identify knowledge gaps.

Sample Reading Passage

Here’s a short example of a passage you might encounter:

“The process of photosynthesis allows plants to convert sunlight into energy. During this process, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This fundamental process is essential for life on Earth as it provides food and oxygen for living organisms.”

Example Question

What is the primary function of photosynthesis as described in the passage?

• A) To produce energy for animals
• B) To provide food and oxygen for living organisms
• C) To absorb carbon dioxide
• D) To convert sunlight into heat

Correct Answer: B) To provide food and oxygen for living organisms

Final Thoughts

Building background knowledge is not an overnight task; it requires consistent effort and curiosity. By actively engaging with diverse topics, you will not only improve your TOEFL reading skills but also equip yourself with valuable knowledge for the future. Remember, every bit of knowledge counts! Good luck on your TOEFL journey! ??

Mastering TOEFL Reading: Ancient Civilizations

As a TOEFL candidate, understanding the intricacies of reading passages is crucial for achieving a high score. One common theme you may encounter is ancient civilizations. This topic not only enriches your knowledge but also enhances your reading skills. In this article, I will share effective strategies to tackle TOEFL reading sections focused on ancient civilizations, along with example questions and vocabulary that may help you.

Understanding the Topic

Ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Mesopotamians, have left a profound impact on modern society. When you read passages about these cultures, pay attention to their contributions in areas like architecture, philosophy, and governance. Here are some key points to remember:

• Architecture: Look for information about famous structures like the Pyramids of Giza or the Parthenon. ???
• Philosophy: Think about philosophers like Socrates and Confucius, and their influence on thought. ??
• Governance: Understand how ancient governments functioned and their relevance today. ??

Reading Strategies

To excel in the reading section, consider these strategies:

1. Skimming: Quickly read through the passage to get an overview. Focus on headings, subheadings, and highlighted terms.
2. Scanning: After skimming, look for specific information related to the questions. This will save time and improve accuracy.
3. Note-taking: Jot down important facts and ideas while reading. This will help you recall details when answering questions.

Example Passage

Here’s a sample reading text you might encounter:

"The ancient Egyptians are renowned for their monumental architecture, particularly the pyramids. These structures served as tombs for pharaohs and were built using advanced engineering techniques. The Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, showcases the Egyptians' remarkable skills in mathematics and labor organization."

Sample Questions

After reading a passage like the one above, you might face questions such as:

• What was the primary purpose of the pyramids according to the passage?
• Which ancient civilization is credited with the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza?
• What does the passage suggest about the engineering skills of the ancient Egyptians?

Useful Vocabulary

Familiarize yourself with vocabulary related to ancient civilizations. Here are some words you might find helpful:

• Monumental: Of great size or importance.
• Tomb: A burial place for the dead.
• Engineering: The application of scientific principles to design and build structures.

Listening Practice

In addition to reading, listening exercises can enhance your comprehension skills. For instance, listen to a lecture on ancient Greek philosophy and answer questions about its main ideas. Here’s an example question:

"What are the key concepts introduced by Socrates in his teachings?"

New Topics and Predictions

As you prepare for the TOEFL, keep an eye out for emerging topics. Recent trends suggest that passages may increasingly focus on lesser-known civilizations, such as the Indus Valley or Mesoamerican cultures. Familiarizing yourself with these topics can give you an edge.

Final Thoughts

By applying these strategies and familiarizing yourself with relevant vocabulary, you can greatly improve your performance in the TOEFL reading section. Remember to practice regularly and stay updated on various ancient civilizations to enhance both your knowledge and reading skills. Good luck! ??