托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：植物生長(zhǎng)的文本+真題+答案

在備考托福閱讀時(shí),，除了要積累豐富的詞匯量,，進(jìn)行大量的真題練習(xí)也是至關(guān)重要的。今天,，我們?yōu)榇蠹覝?zhǔn)備了一篇關(guān)于植物生長(zhǎng)的托福閱讀真題,，包括文本、題目及答案,，希望能夠幫助考生們更好地備考托福閱讀部分,。

TOEFL Reading Passage:

Plants face numerous threats from various symbiotic species and have developed a wide range of mechanisms to counter these potential invaders. These defenses can be categorized into preformed (passive) defenses and inducible (active) defenses.

Passive defenses include physical and chemical barriers that block pathogen entry, such as bacteria, or make plant tissues unappetizing or toxic to attackers. The outer surfaces of plants are not only protected by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle but often feature spiky hairs called trichomes, which deter insect feeding or may even kill insect larvae. Some trichomes are sticky and glandular, effectively capturing and immobilizing insects.

If the physical defenses are compromised, preformed chemicals may inhibit or eliminate the intruder. Plant tissues contain a variety of toxic substances, including resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which serve as effective deterrents against herbivorous insects. For instance, the Colorado potato beetle's ability to infest potatoes correlates with its remarkable tolerance to alkaloids that typically repel other pests.

Other chemical defenses, while not outright toxic to parasites, may hinder crucial steps in establishing a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins present in plant cell walls can deactivate enzymes that break down these walls, which are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms resemble the immune systems found in vertebrates, though their cellular and molecular foundations differ significantly. Both systems are activated in response to intrusion, suggesting that the host can recognize foreign organisms. A notable example of an active plant defense is the hypersensitive response, where cells rapidly die after being invaded by a parasite, effectively restricting the parasite’s growth to a limited area around the entry point.

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying hypersensitive resistance.

TOEFL Reading Questions:

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(C) How plant defense mechanisms function

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(C) attractive to

(D) strengthened by

3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(C) surround

(D) cover

4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(C) barriers

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(C) glycosides

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does

Preparing for TOEFL Reading: Focus on Plant Growth ??

As a TOEFL test-taker, you might encounter various topics in the reading section, and one common theme is plant growth. Understanding how to approach these passages can significantly enhance your performance. Here’s a guide based on my personal experience.

1. Familiarize Yourself with Key Vocabulary ??

Before diving into practice tests, it’s essential to build a solid vocabulary foundation. Words related to plant biology, such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and germination, often appear in reading passages. Create flashcards with definitions and example sentences to reinforce your learning.

2. Practice with Real TOEFL Reading Passages ??

One effective way to prepare is by practicing with real TOEFL reading passages. For instance, consider this sample passage:

“Plants undergo various stages of growth, starting from a seed. The germination process requires specific conditions such as moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Once a seed absorbs water, it begins to swell and eventually breaks through its outer shell. This marks the beginning of the seedling stage, where the plant starts to develop roots and leaves.”

Sample Question: What are the necessary conditions for germination?

Answer Choices:

A) Light and soil

B) Moisture, temperature, and oxygen

C) Nutrients and sunlight

Correct Answer: B) Moisture, temperature, and oxygen

3. Develop Skimming and Scanning Techniques ??

During the exam, time management is crucial. Practice skimming the text to grasp the main ideas quickly. Look for headings, keywords, and any emphasized text. Scanning is equally important when searching for specific information related to questions. These techniques will help you navigate passages efficiently.

4. Understand the Structure of Passages ???

TOEFL reading passages typically follow a clear structure: introduction, body, and conclusion. Pay attention to transition words like “however” and “for example”, as they indicate shifts in ideas or provide supporting details. Recognizing this structure will help you anticipate the flow of information.

5. Practice Answering Different Question Types ?

TOEFL reading questions vary in type, including factual information, inference, and vocabulary questions. For example:

Question Type: Inference

“If a plant has yellowing leaves, what might this indicate?”

Possible Answers:

A) The plant is receiving too much sunlight

B) The plant is lacking nutrients

C) The plant is growing too quickly

Correct Answer: B) The plant is lacking nutrients

6. Take Practice Tests Under Timed Conditions ?

Simulating the test environment can help reduce anxiety. Set a timer and complete full reading sections to build stamina. Analyze your performance afterward to identify weak areas. This practice will also help you become accustomed to the pacing required during the actual exam.

7. Review and Reflect ??

After completing practice tests, take the time to review your answers, especially the ones you got wrong. Understanding your mistakes is crucial for improvement. Consider discussing challenging passages with peers or tutors to gain different perspectives.

In conclusion, focusing on plant growth topics in your TOEFL reading preparation can be beneficial. By enhancing your vocabulary, practicing with real passages, and developing effective reading strategies, you’ll be better equipped to tackle this section of the exam. Good luck! ??

Preparing for the TOEFL reading section can be a daunting task, but with the right practice materials and strategies, you can enhance your skills effectively. One of the best ways to prepare is through TOEFL reading practice questions and answers. Here’s a guide to help you make the most of your preparation. ??

Understanding the Structure of TOEFL Reading

The TOEFL reading section consists of three to four passages, each followed by a series of questions. The passages can cover various topics, including science, history, and social studies. Familiarizing yourself with this format is crucial. Aim to read a variety of texts to build your comprehension skills.

Sample Passage

“The migration patterns of birds are influenced by seasonal changes in temperature and food availability. Many species travel thousands of miles between their breeding and wintering grounds. This long journey requires extensive energy reserves, which birds build up during the months leading to migration.”

Sample Questions

• What influences the migration patterns of birds?
• How do birds prepare for migration?
• What is the significance of energy reserves for migrating birds?

Vocabulary Building

Expanding your vocabulary is essential for the reading section. Here are some terms you might encounter:

• Migration: The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.
• Reserves: Supplies of something that are kept for future use.
• Influence: The capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone or something.

Tips for Effective Practice

1. Practice Regularly: Set aside time each day to read passages and answer questions. Consistency is key! ??

2. Use Official Materials: Make use of official TOEFL practice tests available online. They provide authentic questions and a realistic testing experience.

3. Analyze Your Mistakes: After completing practice questions, review your answers. Understanding why an answer is correct or incorrect will help reinforce your learning.

New Practice Questions

Here are some new practice questions based on the sample passage provided:

• According to the passage, what role does temperature play in bird migration?
• What challenges do birds face during migration?
• How do environmental factors affect the timing of migration?

Predicting Topics

While it’s impossible to predict the exact topics you will encounter, familiarizing yourself with common themes can be beneficial. Topics often include:

• Environmental issues
• Technological advancements
• Cultural practices

Reading Strategies

When approaching reading passages, consider these strategies:

• Skimming: Quickly glance over the passage to get a general idea before diving into details.
• Highlighting: Mark key points and unfamiliar words as you read to improve focus.
• Summarizing: After reading, try to summarize the main ideas in your own words. This reinforces comprehension.

By incorporating these practices into your study routine, you can improve your reading comprehension skills and boost your confidence for the TOEFL exam. Remember, regular practice and exposure to diverse materials will prepare you well for the test. Good luck on your TOEFL journey! ??

托福閱讀理解是許多考生在備考過(guò)程中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一。掌握一些技巧與策略,，不僅能提高閱讀效率,，還能幫助你在考試中取得更好的成績(jī)。以下是一些實(shí)用的建議,，供你參考,。??

1. 理解題型 ??

托福閱讀部分通常包含三種主要題型：細(xì)節(jié)題、推理題和主旨題,。了解這些題型的特點(diǎn)能幫助你更有效地找到答案,。例如：

• 細(xì)節(jié)題：通常會(huì)詢問(wèn)文章中的具體信息，你需要找到相關(guān)段落并仔細(xì)閱讀,。
• 推理題：要求你根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷,，可能涉及到作者的意圖或態(tài)度。
• 主旨題：關(guān)注整篇文章的主題或主要觀點(diǎn),，通常出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾,。

2. 精讀與略讀結(jié)合 ??

在備考時(shí)，建議結(jié)合精讀和略讀的方式,。精讀可以幫助你深入理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容,，而略讀則能提升你的閱讀速度,。在實(shí)際考試中，先快速瀏覽一遍文章,，抓住大意后再針對(duì)性的閱讀相關(guān)段落,，能夠節(jié)省時(shí)間并提高準(zhǔn)確率。

3. 做好筆記 ??

在閱讀時(shí),，可以嘗試在紙上做一些簡(jiǎn)單的筆記,，如關(guān)鍵詞、段落大意等,。這不僅能幫助你加深對(duì)內(nèi)容的理解,，還可以在回答問(wèn)題時(shí)迅速回憶起相關(guān)信息。記得使用縮寫和符號(hào),，以提高記錄的效率,。

4. 擴(kuò)充詞匯量 ??

豐富的詞匯量是提高閱讀理解能力的基礎(chǔ)。你可以通過(guò)以下方式擴(kuò)充詞匯：

• 閱讀各種英文材料,，如新聞,、雜志和學(xué)術(shù)文章。
• 使用詞匯卡片,，定期復(fù)習(xí)新單詞,。
• 參加在線詞匯測(cè)試，評(píng)估自己的詞匯水平,。

5. 熟悉常見(jiàn)話題 ??

托福閱讀的文章通常涵蓋多個(gè)領(lǐng)域,，包括科學(xué)、歷史,、藝術(shù)等,。提前了解這些領(lǐng)域的常見(jiàn)話題，可以幫助你在考試中更快地適應(yīng)文章內(nèi)容,。以下是一些常見(jiàn)話題：

• Environmental Science
• History of Art
• Technological Innovations

6. 練習(xí)模擬題 ?

通過(guò)做模擬題來(lái)檢驗(yàn)自己的閱讀理解能力,，尤其是要注意時(shí)間管理?？梢赃x擇一些托福真題進(jìn)行練習(xí),，熟悉考試的題型和節(jié)奏。每次練習(xí)后,，分析錯(cuò)誤的原因,，以便在下次做得更好。

7. 調(diào)整心態(tài) ??

考試前保持良好的心態(tài)非常重要,。盡量避免過(guò)度緊張,，可以通過(guò)深呼吸、適當(dāng)休息等方式來(lái)放松自己,。相信自己的準(zhǔn)備和能力,，保持自信心,，在考試中發(fā)揮出最佳水平。

通過(guò)上述技巧與策略的應(yīng)用,，相信你能在托福閱讀理解部分取得滿意的成績(jī),。祝你備考順利！