托福閱讀素材之怎么打擊城市犯罪是很多考生關注的重點,。本文將為同學們提供一篇關于如何通過城市綠化來減少犯罪率的研究分析,，希望能夠幫助大家在備考托福時積累相關知識,，提高閱讀理解能力。

Can urban greenery play a role in reducing crime rates? Recent studies led by US Forest Service researchers suggest that it can. In cities like Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Youngstown, Ohio, the introduction of green spaces in areas plagued by high crime rates has shown promising results.

In 2000, Philadelphia initiated a project aimed at planting vegetation along roadways to improve rainwater absorption. Researchers examined 52 vegetation plots and compared them to control areas without greenery enhancements. Their findings revealed a significant decrease in narcotics possession by 18 to 27 percent in the greened areas, while the rest of the city experienced a 65 percent increase in similar crimes.

Michelle Kondo, the lead researcher, speculated that the increased visibility of city maintenance vehicles in these landscaped regions deterred illegal activities.

A similar trend was observed in Youngstown, a Midwestern city known for its economic struggles and high crime rates. From 2010 to 2014, local officials worked to transform vacant lots and abandoned buildings into green spaces. Additionally, in 2011, they launched a funding initiative allowing communities to create green areas in various forms, such as lawns and community gardens.

Kondo's team discovered that crime rates around newly developed green spaces were lower than in other parts of the city. Interestingly, the type of green space influenced the type of crime reduced; grass-planted lots maintained by contractors saw fewer property crimes, while community-managed plots experienced a drop in violent crime. This indicates that different green space types could be strategically developed to combat specific crime types.

Another study by Morgan Grove explored the relationship between lawn care and crime in downtown Baltimore. By examining 1,000 residential yards, Grove's research found that well-maintained lawns correlated with lower crime rates compared to neglected ones.

While one might assume that income levels connect these findings, Grove argued that the presence of greenery itself sends a message to potential criminals about community vigilance, suggesting that there are "eyes on the street" ready to report suspicious activities.

The key takeaway from these studies is that urban green spaces may serve as an effective deterrent to crime, making them valuable tools in city-wide crime prevention strategies. Beyond their aesthetic appeal and health benefits, greenery can also contribute to safer communities.

以上就是小編為同學們整理的托福閱讀素材之怎么打擊城市犯罪的全部內(nèi)容,，希望能夠幫助正在備考托福的同學們,！

Understanding Urban Crime and Social Security ??

Urban crime is a pressing issue that affects many cities around the world. As a TOEFL test-taker, it is essential to be aware of this topic, as it can appear in various sections of the exam, including reading, listening, and writing. In this article, we will explore the causes of urban crime, its impact on society, and potential solutions. By understanding these aspects, you can enhance your knowledge and improve your chances of success in the TOEFL exam.

Causes of Urban Crime ??

One of the primary factors contributing to urban crime is economic disparity. When there is a significant gap between the rich and the poor, individuals may resort to criminal activities out of desperation. For instance, in low-income neighborhoods, the lack of job opportunities can lead some people to engage in theft or drug dealing as a means of survival. This phenomenon is often exacerbated by a lack of access to quality education, which limits individuals' ability to secure stable employment.

Another important factor is social disorganization. Communities that lack strong social ties and cohesion are more susceptible to crime. When residents do not know their neighbors or feel a sense of belonging, it becomes easier for criminal activities to flourish. Moreover, areas with high levels of transience—where people frequently move in and out—often experience higher crime rates due to a lack of community engagement.

Impact on Society ??

The consequences of urban crime extend beyond the immediate victims. High crime rates can lead to a general sense of fear and insecurity among residents, which can diminish their quality of life. People may avoid going out at night or participating in community events, leading to isolation and a breakdown of social networks. This fear can also affect local businesses, as potential customers may be deterred from visiting areas perceived as dangerous.

Furthermore, urban crime places a significant burden on law enforcement and the judicial system. Police departments often face increased pressure to maintain public safety, which can result in higher policing costs. Additionally, when individuals are incarcerated for crimes, it can strain correctional facilities and impact families and communities left behind.

Potential Solutions ??

Addressing urban crime requires a multifaceted approach. First and foremost, improving economic opportunities in disadvantaged neighborhoods is crucial. This can be achieved through job training programs, educational initiatives, and support for local businesses. By equipping individuals with the skills they need to succeed, communities can reduce the allure of criminal activities.

Strengthening community ties is another effective strategy. Initiatives that encourage neighborhood watch programs, community events, and local engagement can foster a sense of belonging and responsibility among residents. When people feel connected to their community, they are more likely to look out for one another and report suspicious activities.

Lastly, investing in mental health services and rehabilitation programs can help address the root causes of crime. Many individuals who engage in criminal behavior do so due to underlying issues such as addiction or trauma. By providing support and resources, communities can help individuals reintegrate into society and reduce recidivism rates.

In conclusion, urban crime is a complex issue influenced by various social and economic factors. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for TOEFL test-takers, as discussions around crime and social security may arise in different contexts within the exam. By familiarizing yourself with this topic, you can enhance your critical thinking skills and prepare effectively for your test.

對于許多托福考生來說,，閱讀理解部分可能是最具挑戰(zhàn)性的部分之一,。在這篇文章中，我將分享一些有效的托福閱讀理解技巧,，幫助大家提高閱讀能力和考試成績,。??

1. 理解題型

在開始備考之前，了解常見的題型是非常重要的,。托福閱讀理解通常包括以下幾種題型：

• Main Idea Questions: 這些問題詢問文章的主要觀點或主題。
• Detail Questions: 這些問題要求考生找到文章中的具體信息,。
• Inference Questions: 這些問題需要考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進行推斷,。
• Vocabulary Questions: 這些問題測試考生對特定單詞或短語的理解。

2. 快速瀏覽與精讀

在閱讀文章時,，首先要快速瀏覽一遍,，抓住文章的結構和大意。這種方法被稱為“skimming”,。接下來,，再進行精讀，仔細理解每個段落的內(nèi)容,。記住,，在托福考試中,，時間管理非常關鍵,，合理分配時間可以幫助你更有效地完成閱讀部分。?

3. 做筆記

在閱讀過程中,，建議做簡單的筆記,。可以在紙上標記出每個段落的主題句,，或者用不同顏色的筆來突出重要信息,。這樣不僅能幫助你理清思路，還能在回答問題時快速找到相關信息。??

4. 學會定位信息

當你遇到詳細問題時,，盡量在文章中快速定位相關信息,。通過關鍵詞搜索，可以節(jié)省大量時間,。例如,，如果問題提到“climate change”，你可以在文章中尋找這個詞,，找到相關的段落進行分析,。??

5. 理解上下文

在回答詞匯問題時，理解上下文是至關重要的,。如果你遇到不認識的單詞,，不要慌張。嘗試通過句子的其他部分來推測這個單詞的意思,。通常,，文章會給出足夠的線索幫助你理解。??

6. 模擬練習

為了提高自己的閱讀能力,，建議進行模擬練習,。可以使用托福官方提供的練習材料,，或者其他備考書籍中的閱讀部分,。每次練習后，認真分析自己的錯誤,，找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)并加以改進,。??

7. 時間控制

在考試中，每篇文章的閱讀時間有限,，因此合理的時間控制非常重要,。一般來說，你可以給自己設定每篇文章15分鐘的時間,，確保有足夠的時間來回答問題,。可以通過平時的練習來提升自己的速度和準確性,。??

8. 考慮文章結構

許多托福閱讀文章遵循特定的結構,，例如引言、主體和結論,。了解這種結構可以幫助你更好地理解文章內(nèi)容,，并在回答問題時更有針對性。注意段落之間的邏輯關系,，有助于把握文章的整體脈絡,。??

通過以上技巧的應用,，相信大家在托福閱讀理解部分會有所提高。記得保持積極的心態(tài),，持續(xù)努力,，相信你一定能夠取得理想的成績！??

In recent years, crime prevention strategies have become increasingly important in various communities. Understanding these strategies can be essential for anyone preparing for the TOEFL exam, as they touch upon social issues, public policy, and community engagement. This article will explore effective crime prevention strategies and analyze case studies to illustrate their impact. ????♂?

Understanding Crime Prevention Strategies

Crime prevention involves proactive measures taken to reduce the risk of crimes occurring. These strategies can be categorized into three main types: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. Each type targets different stages of crime and aims to address root causes, intervene in at-risk situations, or manage offenders after a crime has occurred.

Primary Prevention

Primary prevention focuses on reducing the likelihood of crime before it happens. For example, community programs that promote education and youth engagement can deter young people from engaging in criminal activities. A successful case study is the "Youth Empowerment Program" in Los Angeles, which provides mentorship and educational resources to at-risk youth. By investing in their futures, this program has significantly reduced juvenile crime rates in the area. ??

Secondary Prevention

Secondary prevention strategies aim to intervene when individuals are identified as being at risk of committing crimes. One effective approach is the implementation of community policing. This strategy encourages police officers to build relationships with community members, allowing them to identify potential issues before they escalate. An example can be seen in the "Community Safety Initiative" in Chicago, where officers work closely with residents to address concerns and develop trust. This collaboration has led to a decrease in crime rates in neighborhoods previously plagued by violence. ??

Tertiary Prevention

Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and rehabilitating offenders after a crime has been committed. Programs that offer counseling, job training, and support for reintegration into society are critical. The "Second Chance Act" in the United States is an excellent example of this strategy. It provides funding for programs that help former inmates transition back into their communities, ultimately reducing recidivism rates. ??

The Role of Community Engagement

Community engagement plays a vital role in the success of crime prevention strategies. When residents are actively involved in their neighborhoods, they are more likely to report suspicious activities and collaborate with law enforcement. Initiatives like neighborhood watch programs encourage citizens to take an active role in maintaining safety, fostering a sense of shared responsibility. ??

Conclusion

Understanding crime prevention strategies is beneficial for TOEFL candidates not only for academic purposes but also for developing a broader awareness of social issues. By analyzing case studies such as the Youth Empowerment Program, Community Safety Initiative, and Second Chance Act, we can see the tangible effects of these strategies on crime reduction. As future leaders and global citizens, it is essential to recognize the importance of community involvement in creating safer environments for everyone. ??