在應(yīng)對空氣污染的問題上,，巴黎采取了大膽的措施,，成為其他歐洲城市學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣,。通過限制汽車使用和提供免費公共交通,，巴黎希望改善市民的生活質(zhì)量。

On Monday, Paris implemented free public transport and restricted half of the city's vehicles in an effort to combat pollution. French Socialists announced that drastic measures were necessary to achieve cleaner air.

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo expressed her satisfaction with the government's decision to impose a partial driving ban, which she had requested for several days.

Only cars with odd-numbered license plates were allowed on the roads, while taxis, electric vehicles, and ambulances were exempt from this rule.

Authorities considered banning even-numbered vehicles the next day, but this plan was canceled due to improved weather forecasts.

Foreign tourists, including many Britons on vacation, were permitted to drive their cars without restrictions.

However, police enforced the ban by ticketing locals who violated the rules, compelling them to return home. As a result, public transport systems like Metro trains and buses became overcrowded as residents opted to leave their cars behind.

Air quality monitors indicated that particulate matter levels in Paris exceeded recommended limits, raising health concerns linked to emissions from vehicles, heating, and heavy industry.

The Ecology Minister noted that the alternating driving ban would not continue into Tuesday due to expected improvements in weather conditions. He also praised the good citizenship displayed by drivers who understood the necessity of such measures.

The Airparif monitoring agency reported that smog density remained close to alert levels, but rain was anticipated to help clear the air.

Despite the free public transport aimed at easing the impact of restrictions, many drivers protested against the measures, which have only been enacted twice since 1997.

Similar restrictions were last imposed on March 17 of the previous year during a significant pollution spike.

Authorities monitor PM10 particulates—particles smaller than 10 microns—to assess pollution levels. The safe limit for PM10 is set at 80 micrograms per cubic meter, while Monday's levels in Paris were projected between 40 and 55 mcg/m3.

The city's alert level for PM10 is established at 50 mcg/m3.

According to a 2011 World Health Organization report, the most polluted city globally was Ahvaz in Iran, averaging 372 mcg/m3. Beijing had an average of 121 mcg/m3, whereas Paris measured at 38 mcg/m3.

Vocabulary

flout: to disregard or disobey

alternative: available as another possibility

spike: a sudden increase

通過以上措施,，巴黎不僅展示了應(yīng)對環(huán)境問題的決心,，也為全球其他城市提供了寶貴的經(jīng)驗,。希望未來更多城市能借鑒巴黎的成功案例,，共同為改善空氣質(zhì)量而努力。

托福閱讀背景知識的重要性 ??

對于許多托福考生來說,，閱讀部分可能是最具挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)節(jié)之一,。為了在這一部分取得好成績,，掌握相關(guān)的背景知識是非常關(guān)鍵的。了解不同的學(xué)科背景能夠幫助你更好地理解文章內(nèi)容,，從而提高閱讀理解能力,。

1. 理解學(xué)術(shù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu) ??

托福閱讀材料通常來自學(xué)術(shù)期刊,、書籍或其他正式出版物。這些文章往往具有特定的結(jié)構(gòu),，包括引言,、主體段落和結(jié)論,。在閱讀時,，考生需要注意主題句和支持細(xì)節(jié)。例如,，在一篇關(guān)于“climate change”的文章中,，你可能會看到這樣的題目：

“The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity”

在這類文章中,，首先要理解的是作者的主旨是什么,，以及他是如何通過數(shù)據(jù)和例子來支持這個主旨的,。

2. 擴(kuò)展詞匯量 ??

閱讀理解的另一個重要方面是詞匯量的積累?？忌鷳?yīng)該關(guān)注一些常見的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯，比如：

• “hypothesis” - 假設(shè)
• “analysis” - 分析
• “theory” - 理論
• “data” - 數(shù)據(jù)

通過不斷積累這些詞匯，考生在閱讀時可以更快地抓住文章的核心思想,。

3. 練習(xí)不同的話題 ??

托福考試的閱讀部分涉及多個學(xué)科,，包括自然科學(xué),、社會科學(xué),、藝術(shù)等?？忌梢酝ㄟ^閱讀不同領(lǐng)域的文章來增強(qiáng)自己的背景知識,。例如,，以下是一些可能的閱讀話題：

• “The Role of Fungi in Ecosystems”
• “Cultural Influences on Modern Art”
• “The Evolution of Language”

接觸這些不同的話題,，可以幫助考生在考試中更從容地應(yīng)對各種類型的文章,。

4. 閱讀技巧的提升 ?

除了背景知識，掌握一些閱讀技巧也至關(guān)重要。例如,，考生可以采用掃讀和精讀相結(jié)合的方式,。掃讀可以幫助你快速獲取文章大意，而精讀則有助于深入理解細(xì)節(jié),。此外,，考生還可以嘗試做一些模擬題，例如：

“What is the main idea of the passage?”

這樣的題目可以幫助你在實際考試中更好地把握文章的主旨,。

5. 參考資料的利用 ??

如果你希望更好地準(zhǔn)備托福閱讀部分,，可以利用一些在線資源和書籍。例如,，“The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test”是一本非常有用的參考書，里面包含了豐富的練習(xí)題和解析,。

此外,，還有許多網(wǎng)站提供免費的托福閱讀練習(xí)材料,，比如ETS官網(wǎng)和其他教育平臺。利用這些資源可以有效提升你的閱讀能力,。

6. 模擬考試的實踐 ??

最后,，進(jìn)行模擬考試是檢驗自己學(xué)習(xí)成果的好方法,。通過模擬真實考試環(huán)境,，考生可以更好地適應(yīng)考試節(jié)奏和壓力。在模擬考試后,，一定要認(rèn)真分析自己的錯誤,，找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，并加以改進(jìn),。

總之，托福閱讀部分的成功不僅依賴于個人的英語水平,，更需要扎實的背景知識和靈活的閱讀技巧,。希望以上的經(jīng)驗分享能為你的托福備考提供幫助,！

Introduction

As a TOEFL candidate, understanding various global issues can enhance your writing and speaking skills. One pressing issue that has gained attention in recent years is the air pollution in Paris. This article will explore how smog affects the city, its residents, and the broader implications for environmental health.

What Causes Air Pollution in Paris?

Paris, known for its beautiful architecture and rich culture, faces significant challenges with air quality. The primary sources of air pollution include:

• Vehicle emissions ??
• Industrial activities ??
• Heating systems during winter ??
• Weather conditions that trap pollutants ???

These factors contribute to a persistent problem that not only affects the environment but also public health.

Health Impacts of Smog

The consequences of living in a polluted city like Paris can be severe. Studies have shown that air pollution is linked to various health issues, such as:

• Respiratory diseases ???
• Cardiovascular problems ??
• Increased mortality rates ??

For TOEFL candidates, it’s essential to understand these impacts, as they may appear in reading passages or listening sections related to environmental science.

Government Responses

In response to the worsening air quality, the Parisian government has implemented several initiatives aimed at reducing pollution levels. Some of these measures include:

• Promoting public transportation ??
• Encouraging cycling and walking ???♂?
• Implementing low-emission zones ??
• Raising awareness about air quality ??

These efforts aim to create a healthier environment for residents and visitors alike.

Personal Experience and Observations

During my stay in Paris, I noticed the effects of smog firsthand. On some days, the skyline was obscured, making it difficult to appreciate the beauty of the Eiffel Tower. Additionally, I observed many locals wearing masks, particularly in areas with heavy traffic. This experience highlighted the importance of addressing air quality issues, not just for the sake of aesthetics, but for the well-being of the population.

Tips for TOEFL Preparation

When preparing for the TOEFL exam, consider the following strategies to help you tackle topics like air pollution:

• Read articles from reputable sources on environmental issues ??
• Practice summarizing key points in your own words ??
• Engage in discussions about current events with peers ??
• Listen to podcasts focused on climate change and pollution ??

These activities will not only improve your language skills but also provide you with valuable content for your speaking and writing tasks.

Conclusion

Understanding the impact of air pollution in Paris can enrich your knowledge and enhance your performance on the TOEFL exam. By staying informed and practicing your English skills, you will be better equipped to discuss this important topic in your essays and conversations. ??

托福考試的閱讀部分是許多考生感到挑戰(zhàn)的一環(huán),。為了幫助大家更有效地備考,，本文將分享一些實用的托福閱讀技巧與推薦材料,。??

一,、理解考試結(jié)構(gòu)

在準(zhǔn)備托福閱讀時，首先要了解考試的基本結(jié)構(gòu),。托福閱讀部分通常包含3到4篇文章,，每篇文章大約700詞,，題目數(shù)量在10到14道之間。這些文章涵蓋不同的學(xué)術(shù)主題,，如科學(xué)、歷史和社會學(xué)等,。

二,、提高閱讀速度

為了在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成所有題目，提升閱讀速度至關(guān)重要,?？梢酝ㄟ^以下方法來提高：

• 每天定時練習(xí)閱讀，選擇不同類型的材料,。
• 使用計時器,，逐漸縮短閱讀時間,。
• 嘗試略讀（skimming）和掃讀（scanning）技巧,，以快速獲取文章主旨和細(xì)節(jié),。

三,、掌握關(guān)鍵詞

在閱讀過程中，識別關(guān)鍵詞有助于理解文章的核心內(nèi)容,。注意以下幾點：

• 關(guān)注段落的首句和尾句，它們通常包含重要信息,。
• 尋找轉(zhuǎn)折詞（如 however, although）以理解作者的觀點變化。
• 注意重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞匯,，這些往往是文章的主題或重點。

四,、模擬考試練習(xí)

進(jìn)行模擬考試是提高閱讀能力的重要方式,。可以通過以下途徑獲取練習(xí)材料：

• 使用官方托福備考書籍,，如《The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test》,。??
• 訪問ETS官網(wǎng),，下載免費的樣題和練習(xí)材料。
• 參加在線托福模擬考試,，體驗真實考試環(huán)境。

五、分析錯誤

在模擬考試后,，仔細(xì)分析錯誤題目是提高閱讀水平的關(guān)鍵,。對于每一道錯題，問自己以下問題：

• 我為什么選錯了這個答案,？
• 我是否理解了文章的主要觀點？
• 我是否遺漏了重要的細(xì)節(jié),？

六、參考范文與新題

在備考過程中,，可以參考一些高分的閱讀范文,。以下是一個典型的托福閱讀題目示例：

Reading Passage: "The Impact of Climate Change on Marine Life"

Question: What is one major effect of climate change mentioned in the passage?

Answer Choices:

• A. Increased water temperature
• B. Decreased fish populations
• C. Altered migration patterns
• D. All of the above

正確答案是 D. All of the above,。通過這樣的練習(xí),，可以幫助考生更好地理解文章內(nèi)容并提高答題能力。

七,、拓展閱讀材料

除了官方材料,，考生還可以通過其他渠道拓展閱讀材料,，例如：

• 閱讀英文新聞網(wǎng)站,，如 BBC, CNN 等，保持對時事的敏感,。
• 訂閱學(xué)術(shù)期刊或雜志，提升專業(yè)術(shù)語的理解能力,。
• 參與英語角或讀書會，與他人討論閱讀內(nèi)容,，增強(qiáng)理解能力,。

總之，通過以上技巧與材料的結(jié)合,，考生可以更有效地備考托福閱讀部分,。希望大家能夠在考試中取得理想的成績！??