在新托福考試中,，語法的要求雖然不像老托福那樣明確,，但依然會涉及許多語法相關(guān)的考題。各位考生一定要重視語法問題,，尤其是平行結(jié)構(gòu),。接下來，我們將詳細(xì)介紹平行結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)知識,。

1. 含并列連詞and, but, or的平行結(jié)構(gòu)

解題要點(diǎn)： 當(dāng)上述并列連詞連接兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)對等成分時,，這些成分必須具有相同的詞性和形式。特別注意三項(xiàng)以上的并列成分,，它們通常是考試的重點(diǎn),。

全真例題分析：

(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)

[答案] A 并列連詞or連接三項(xiàng)，其中兩項(xiàng)為形容詞translucent與opaque,，故(A)應(yīng)使用形容詞transparent,。

(2) At the age of 94, composer, conductor, arranger, and acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera Porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)

[答案] A 并列連詞and連接四項(xiàng)職業(yè)名詞，故(A)動名詞應(yīng)改為actress,。

(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)

[答案] C 并列連詞or連接四項(xiàng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu),，其中cell和organ皆為單數(shù)形式，故(C)應(yīng)改為單數(shù)tissue,。

(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)

[答案] C 并列連詞and連接三項(xiàng)動賓結(jié)構(gòu),，前兩項(xiàng)均為動詞原形，故(C)動名詞應(yīng)改為原形動詞pave,。

(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)

[答案] D 并列連詞or連接三項(xiàng)成分,。前兩項(xiàng)均為名詞，故(D)不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而應(yīng)改為名詞tricks與前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行,。

(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays a vital role in chewing, swallowed, and speaking.

[答案] D 并列連詞and連接三個單詞,。其中兩項(xiàng)均為動名詞，故(D)應(yīng)改為動名詞swallowing,。

2. 比較級句型要求對比雙方結(jié)構(gòu)對等,，比較范圍相當(dāng)。

全真例題分析：

(1) Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.

(A) as was

(B) than was

(C) than did

(D) as did (92.8)

[答案] C 比較句型more…than要求比較的雙方結(jié)構(gòu)相等,。前項(xiàng)是實(shí)義動詞的過去時形式had,，故選(C)than did與之平行。

(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------

(A) there are most other states

(B) most other states which have

(C) most other states have

(D) having most other states (93.10)

[答案] C 這是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的more…than比較句型,。只有(C)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)與相對比的前一項(xiàng)完全一致,。

(3) The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than-------

(A) that of its mining and farming combined

(B) mining and farming combination

(C) that mining and farming combined

(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)

[答案] A 此句比較的是Utah的年產(chǎn)值(the annual worth)，(A)中that即代替了the annual worth,，故前后比較的范圍內(nèi)容一致,。

(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------

(A) the domestic marketer has

(B) the domestic marketer does

(C) those of the domestic marketer

(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)

[答案] C 此句比較的是國際市場研究者與國內(nèi)市場研究者的活動(the activities)。為避免同詞重復(fù),，用(C)中的those來代替前面的名詞the activities,，因此對比雙方比較的范圍是平行相等的。

(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------

(A) than cane sugar does

(B) does cane sugar

(C) cane sugar

(D) than cane sugar (90.5)

[答案] D 此比較句型前半部分主系表結(jié)構(gòu),，后半部不可出現(xiàn)助動詞does(答案A及B),，但可省略系詞，如(D),。

以上就是我們?yōu)榇蠹艺淼年P(guān)于托?？荚囍衅叫薪Y(jié)構(gòu)的語法介紹，希望大家通過這篇文章能夠更好地理解和運(yùn)用平行結(jié)構(gòu),，為考試做好充分準(zhǔn)備,！

Understanding Parallel Structure in TOEFL Writing

As a TOEFL test taker, mastering the parallel structure is essential for achieving a high score in the writing section. Parallel structure refers to the use of similar grammatical forms within a sentence or a series of sentences. This not only enhances clarity but also improves the overall flow of your writing. In this article, we will explore what parallel structure is, why it is important, and how you can effectively incorporate it into your essays. ??

What is Parallel Structure?

Parallel structure involves using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. For example, consider the following sentence:

Incorrect: "I enjoy reading, to swim, and hiking."

Correct: "I enjoy reading, swimming, and hiking." ??

In the correct version, all items in the list are gerunds, which creates a balanced and harmonious sentence.

Why is Parallel Structure Important?

1. Clarity: When you use parallel structure, your ideas are presented clearly, making it easier for readers to understand your points. ??

2. Emphasis: By using parallelism, you can emphasize the relationship between ideas, which can make your argument more persuasive.

3. Readability: Sentences that follow a parallel structure are generally easier to read and more aesthetically pleasing to the eye.

How to Use Parallel Structure in Your Writing

Here are some tips to help you effectively use parallel structure in your TOEFL essays:

1. Identify Lists: Whenever you create a list, ensure that all items share the same grammatical form. For instance:

Incorrect: "The project requires planning, to organize resources, and executing tasks."

Correct: "The project requires planning, organizing resources, and executing tasks." ??

2. Use Coordinating Conjunctions: When connecting clauses, make sure they are parallel. For example:

Incorrect: "She likes to dance and singing."

Correct: "She likes dancing and singing." ??

3. Maintain Consistency in Tenses: If you start with one tense, try to stick with it throughout your sentence. For example:

Incorrect: "He was running, jumps, and swimming."

Correct: "He was running, jumping, and swimming." ???♂?

Practice Makes Perfect

To master parallel structure, practice by rewriting sentences. Here’s a sample exercise:

Exercise: Rewrite the following sentence to correct the parallel structure:

“The teacher asked us to complete the assignment, studying for the exam, and to review our notes.”

Reference Answer: “The teacher asked us to complete the assignment, study for the exam, and review our notes.” ??

Sample TOEFL Writing Prompt

Consider the following prompt:

Prompt: "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to work in a team than to work alone. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer."

When crafting your response, remember to utilize parallel structure in your supporting points. For instance:

“Working in a team allows for sharing ideas, dividing tasks, and enhancing creativity.” ??

Final Thoughts

Incorporating parallel structure into your writing can significantly enhance your performance on the TOEFL. It not only makes your writing clearer but also demonstrates your command of English grammar. Remember to practice regularly, and soon, using parallel structure will become second nature to you. Good luck with your TOEFL preparation! ??

托福語法技巧：提升你的考試表現(xiàn)！ ??

對于許多托?？忌鷣碚f,，語法是一個關(guān)鍵但常常被忽視的部分。掌握一些基本的語法技巧,，不僅可以幫助你在寫作和口語部分取得更好的分?jǐn)?shù),，還能提升閱讀和聽力的理解能力。以下是一些有效的托福語法技巧,，希望能為你提供幫助,！

1. 理解基本句子結(jié)構(gòu) ???

托福考試中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常比較簡單,，但理解基本的句子組成是非常重要的,。一個完整的句子通常包含主語和謂語,。例如：

Example: The dog (subject) barks (verb).

確保在寫作時能夠清晰地表達(dá)完整的思想，避免使用片段句或拼湊句,。

2. 學(xué)會使用連接詞 ??

連接詞可以幫助你將多個句子或短語連接起來,，從而使你的表達(dá)更加流暢,。常見的連接詞包括：

• and (和)
• but (但是)
• because (因?yàn)?
• although (雖然)

例如：

Example: I want to study abroad, but I need to improve my English first.

3. 注意時態(tài)的一致性 ?

在寫作和口語中,，保持時態(tài)的一致性是非常重要的。不同的時態(tài)傳達(dá)了不同的時間信息,。確保在描述過去,、現(xiàn)在或未來事件時使用正確的時態(tài)。例如：

Example: I studied (past) for the exam last week, and I am studying (present) for the next one.

4. 使用主動語態(tài) ?

盡量使用主動語態(tài)而不是被動語態(tài),。主動語態(tài)通常更直接,，更容易理解。例如：

Example: The teacher (subject) teaches (verb) the students (object).

相比之下,，被動語態(tài)可能會讓句子變得復(fù)雜：

Example: The students (subject) are taught (verb) by the teacher (agent).

5. 注意主謂一致 ??

確保主語和謂語在數(shù)和人稱上保持一致,。如果主語是單數(shù)，謂語也應(yīng)該是單數(shù),；如果主語是復(fù)數(shù),，謂語也應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

Example: The cat (singular) runs (singular) fast.

Example: The cats (plural) run (plural) fast.

6. 擴(kuò)展詞匯量 ??

豐富的詞匯量可以幫助你更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)自己的想法,。在準(zhǔn)備托福的過程中,，可以通過閱讀、聽力和寫作來擴(kuò)展詞匯,。記住,，使用更復(fù)雜的詞匯并不意味著一定要用生僻詞，選擇合適的詞匯更為重要,。

7. 多做練習(xí)題 ??

在備考過程中,，多做一些語法練習(xí)題可以幫助你鞏固所學(xué)的知識?？梢詤⒖家恍┩懈ＵZ法書籍或在線資源,，進(jìn)行針對性的訓(xùn)練。例如：

Practice Question: Choose the correct form of the verb: She (go/goes) to school every day.

Answer: goes

8. 參加模擬考試 ??

模擬考試是檢驗(yàn)?zāi)阏Z法水平的好方法,。通過完整的托福模擬測試,，你可以了解自己的弱點(diǎn)，并及時調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)策略,。注意在模擬考試中嚴(yán)格控制時間,，以便在真正的考試中能夠自如應(yīng)對。

通過以上這些技巧,，相信你可以在托?？荚囍刑岣哒Z法分?jǐn)?shù),，增強(qiáng)整體英語能力。記得在備考過程中保持積極的心態(tài),，逐步提升自己的語言水平,。祝你考試順利！??

Preparing for the TOEFL exam can be a challenging yet rewarding journey. One crucial aspect that many test-takers often overlook is the importance of grammar. In this article, we will explore the key grammar points that every TOEFL candidate should focus on to enhance their performance. ??

1. Subject-Verb Agreement

Understanding subject-verb agreement is essential for writing and speaking sections. Always ensure that your subject matches the verb in number. For instance, "The list of items is on the table," not "are." This rule applies even when the subject is separated from the verb by other phrases.

2. Tenses

Using the correct tense is vital for clarity. You should be comfortable with various tenses, including simple past, present perfect, and future forms. For example, "I have studied English for five years" indicates an ongoing action, whereas "I studied English last year" refers to a completed action. ??

3. Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express hypothetical situations. Familiarize yourself with the three main types: zero, first, second, and third conditionals. An example of a second conditional is, "If I were you, I would study harder." This structure is essential for expressing wishes or unreal situations.

4. Articles

Articles (a, an, the) can be tricky but are important for clarity. Use "a" or "an" for non-specific nouns, while "the" is used for specific ones. For example, "I saw a dog" versus "I saw the dog that lives next door." Understanding when to use articles can greatly improve your writing's precision. ??

5. Prepositions

Prepositions can change the meaning of a sentence, so it’s essential to use them correctly. Common prepositions include "in," "on," "at," and "for." For instance, "She is interested in learning Spanish" vs. "She is good at speaking Spanish." Practice using prepositions in different contexts to become more familiar with them.

6. Sentence Structure

A variety of sentence structures can make your writing more engaging. Practice combining simple, compound, and complex sentences. For example, "Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk" is a complex sentence that adds depth to your writing. ??

7. Common Errors

Be aware of common grammatical errors, such as run-on sentences, fragments, and misplaced modifiers. For example, "Running quickly, the finish line was crossed by John" is incorrect. It should be "Running quickly, John crossed the finish line." Identifying these mistakes can help you avoid them in your own writing.

8. Practice Makes Perfect

To master these grammar points, consistent practice is key. Utilize resources such as grammar books, online exercises, and writing prompts. You can also join study groups or find a language partner to practice speaking. Remember, the more you practice, the more confident you will become. ??

By focusing on these grammar essentials, you can significantly improve your TOEFL score. Remember to review regularly and apply these rules in your writing and speaking tasks. Good luck with your preparation! ??