對(duì)于準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚨目忌鷣碚f,，詞匯量的要求相對(duì)較高，尤其是在涉及文化類話題時(shí),。許多考生在閱讀和聽力部分的表現(xiàn)受到詞匯量的影響,，因此掌握相關(guān)的文化類詞匯顯得尤為重要。以下是一些常見的文化類詞匯,，希望能幫助考生在相關(guān)話題中更自如地應(yīng)對(duì),。

homogeneous - 同質(zhì)的 (homo + gene +ous)

mainstream - 主流

dialect - 方言 (v.s. accent)

discrepancy - 差異

misconception - 誤解 (mis + concept + ion) = misunderstanding

barrier - 障礙 (物) ~ bar, = barricade

discrimination - 歧視，區(qū)別 (racial/sexual discrimination, discriminate + against)

hierarchy - 等級(jí)制度 (heir + arch(govern) + y)

insularity - 島國(guó)性質(zhì) (insular, ^island)

microcosm - 小天地 (micro + cosm(os))

nostalgia - 懷舊,，思鄉(xiāng) (homesickness)

patriot - 愛國(guó)者 (à patriotic, patriotism)

compatriot - 同胞 (com + patriot)

vernacular - 本地的,，本國(guó)的 (the vernacular languages of India)

Hispanic - 西班牙裔美國(guó)人

immigration - 移民 (v.s. emigration)

antipodes - 對(duì)立面 (Any two places on opposite sides of the Earth)

permeate - 滲透，彌漫

entrepreneur - 企業(yè)家 (à entrepreneurship)

practitioner - 從業(yè)者 (praction(practice) + er)

celebrity - 名人 (luminary, VIP)

proxy - 代理人

anecdote - 軼事 (à anecdotal)

notoriety - 惡名 (notorious)

counterpart - 對(duì)應(yīng)人 (Who’s George Bush’s counterpart in China?)

peer - 同等的人

subordinate - 下級(jí) (à superior)

tactics - 戰(zhàn)術(shù),，技巧 (v.s. strategy)

nuance - 微妙的差別

benchmarking - 類比分析

punctual - 準(zhǔn)時(shí)的 (à punctuality)

absenteeism - 曠工 (absent à absentee à absenteeism)

flextime - 彈性工作時(shí)間 (flex + time)

harass - 騷擾 (à harassment)

redundancy - 冗余,，冗員

downsize - 裁員 (lay off)

ballot - 投票 (vote)

impartial - 不偏不倚的 (à partial)

lobby - 游說 (v.)

shortlist - 入圍名單 (a list of applicants)

equilibrium - 平衡，均衡

questionnaire - 調(diào)查表,，問卷

quantitative - 定量的 (v.s. qualitative)

contingency - 偶然性,，偶然事件

incur - 招致 (debts, hatred, danger)

ethical - 倫理的 (à ethics, à unethical)

dubious - 可疑的 (à doubt)

manifestation - 顯示，證明 (manifest)

subtitle - 字幕,，副標(biāo)題 (sub + title)

dubbing - 配音錄制

vogue - 時(shí)尚 (chic)

bizarre - 奇異的 (v.s. weird)

mediocre - 平庸的

dietitian - 飲食學(xué)家 (~ diet)

entrée - 主食

connoisseur - 鑒賞家

希望以上詞匯能夠幫助托福考生們?cè)趥淇歼^程中提升自己的文化類詞匯量,，增強(qiáng)應(yīng)試能力,。掌握這些詞匯，將使你在考試中更加游刃有余,，取得優(yōu)異的成績(jī),。

Understanding TOEFL Cultural Vocabulary

Preparing for the TOEFL exam can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering cultural vocabulary. This vocabulary is essential not only for the reading and writing sections but also for the listening and speaking parts of the test. In this article, we will explore some key cultural terms that you should be familiar with, along with tips on how to effectively incorporate them into your study routine. ??

Key Cultural Vocabulary Terms

Here are some important cultural terms you might encounter in the TOEFL exam:

• Diversity - The presence of multiple cultural groups within a society. ??
• Tradition - Customs and practices passed down through generations.
• Heritage - The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group.
• Globalization - The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence.
• Assimilation - The process through which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another group.

Practice Questions

To help you prepare, here are some sample questions that involve cultural vocabulary:

• What role does diversity play in modern societies?
• How do traditions influence contemporary culture?
• Can you explain the concept of globalization and its effects on local cultures?

Sample Essay Topic

One possible essay topic could be: "Discuss the importance of preserving cultural heritage in an era of globalization." Here’s a brief outline to guide your writing:

1. Introduction: Define cultural heritage and globalization.
2. Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the benefits of preserving heritage.
3. Body Paragraph 2: Explore the challenges posed by globalization.
4. Conclusion: Suggest ways to balance heritage preservation with globalization.

Listening and Reading Practice

When preparing for the listening and reading sections, focus on passages that discuss cultural topics. Here is a sample reading text:

Text: "Cultural festivals around the world celebrate diversity through music, dance, and food. These events allow communities to showcase their unique traditions and foster understanding among different cultural groups."

After reading, consider these questions:

• What are some examples of cultural festivals mentioned in the text?
• How do these festivals promote diversity?

Speaking Practice

For the speaking section, practice responding to questions related to cultural issues. Here’s a prompt:

Prompt: "Describe a tradition from your culture and explain its significance." ??

When answering, make sure to include specific details about the tradition, such as its history and impact on the community.

Final Tips for Mastering Cultural Vocabulary

1. Read Widely: Engage with various texts, including articles, books, and essays that cover cultural topics.

2. Use Flashcards: Create flashcards for each cultural term, including its definition and an example sentence.

3. Engage in Discussions: Join study groups or online forums where you can discuss cultural topics and practice using the vocabulary.

4. Listen Actively: Watch documentaries or listen to podcasts about different cultures to hear how these terms are used in context.

5. Write Regularly: Incorporate cultural vocabulary into your writing practices, focusing on clarity and coherence.

By familiarizing yourself with these cultural terms and practicing their usage, you will enhance your performance in the TOEFL exam and gain a deeper understanding of global cultures. Good luck with your preparation! ??

在準(zhǔn)備托福考試時(shí)，詞匯是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分,。無論是在聽力,、閱讀還是寫作中，豐富的詞匯量都能幫助你更好地理解題目和表達(dá)思想,。以下是一些實(shí)用的托福詞匯備考技巧,，希望能幫助你有效提升詞匯水平。??

1. 制定詞匯學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃

為了系統(tǒng)地提高詞匯量,，建議制定一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃,。可以每天學(xué)習(xí)10-20個(gè)新單詞,，并定期復(fù)習(xí)已學(xué)過的內(nèi)容,。使用flashcards（抽認(rèn)卡）是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。通過這種方式,，你可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握大量詞匯,。

2. 利用上下文記憶單詞

僅僅記住單詞的定義是不夠的。你需要了解它們?cè)诓煌Z境中的用法,。例如,，在閱讀時(shí)遇到新單詞時(shí)，可以嘗試猜測(cè)其意思,，并通過上下文進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,。這種方法不僅能幫助你記憶單詞，還能提高你的閱讀理解能力,。??

3. 閱讀英文材料

多讀英文書籍,、新聞、雜志和學(xué)術(shù)文章是擴(kuò)展詞匯量的有效方法,。推薦閱讀一些與托?？荚囅嚓P(guān)的材料，比如：

• “The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity”
• “The Role of Technology in Modern Education”
• “Globalization and Its Effects on Local Cultures”

這些閱讀材料不僅能幫助你積累新詞匯,，還能讓你熟悉托?？荚嚨某Ｒ娫掝}。??

4. 參與詞匯練習(xí)活動(dòng)

可以通過參加在線詞匯測(cè)試或利用應(yīng)用程序進(jìn)行練習(xí),。例如,，使用Quizlet等工具進(jìn)行在線測(cè)驗(yàn)，可以幫助你鞏固記憶,。同時(shí),，也可以嘗試與他人進(jìn)行詞匯競(jìng)賽，增加學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣,。

5. 學(xué)習(xí)詞根,、詞綴

了解詞根和詞綴可以幫助你推測(cè)不熟悉單詞的意思。例如，前綴“un-”通常表示否定,，而后綴“-tion”通常與名詞相關(guān),。掌握這些規(guī)則可以讓你在遇到新單詞時(shí)更容易理解。??

6. 制作主題詞匯表

根據(jù)托?？荚嚨某Ｒ娫掝},，制作主題詞匯表。例如,，以下是一些常見話題及相關(guān)詞匯：

• Environment: pollution, conservation, sustainability
• Education: curriculum, pedagogy, assessment
• Technology: innovation, automation, digital

通過這樣的方式,，你可以在特定話題上集中精力，提高相關(guān)詞匯的掌握程度,。

7. 定期自我測(cè)試

每周進(jìn)行一次自我測(cè)試,，回顧所學(xué)的單詞和短語?？梢允褂媚M題來檢驗(yàn)自己的詞匯運(yùn)用能力,。例如：

Question: What does the word “sustainable” mean in the context of environmental science?

Answer: “Sustainable” refers to practices that do not deplete resources or cause harm to the environment.

通過這種方式，你可以了解自己的進(jìn)步,，并及時(shí)調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)策略,。??

總之，提升托福詞匯量需要耐心和堅(jiān)持,，通過制定合理的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃,、利用各種資源和方法，相信你一定能夠在考試中取得理想的成績(jī),！祝你備考順利,！