在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚂r(shí)，語(yǔ)法是至關(guān)重要的一部分,。本文將詳細(xì)分析“without”的用法,，通過(guò)實(shí)例幫助考生掌握這一語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)，以期提升托?？荚嚨恼Z(yǔ)言能力,。

一、基本用法

1. （表示否定）無(wú),，沒(méi),，不需。例如：

The letter was sent without a stamp. 這封信沒(méi)有貼郵票就寄出,。

We arrived without any issues. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)毫無(wú)問(wèn)題,。

You’ll get soaked if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 如果在雨中不帶傘，你會(huì)被淋濕,。

I suddenly realized I had come out without any cash. 我突然意識(shí)到我出來(lái)時(shí)一點(diǎn)錢都沒(méi)帶,。

2. （與否定副詞結(jié)合，強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定）沒(méi)有……則不能……,，每……必定……,。例如：

You can’t succeed without hard work. 不努力就無(wú)法成功。

The old man cannot walk without his cane. 那位老人沒(méi)有拐杖就走不了路,。

Don’t go out without a coat: you’ll catch a cold. 不穿外套出去會(huì)感冒的,。

I never hear this song without thinking of her. 每次聽(tīng)到這首歌,，我都會(huì)想起她,。

3. （與動(dòng)名詞連用）表示缺失。例如：

She entered the room without knocking. 她沒(méi)敲門(mén)就進(jìn)了房間,。

It goes without saying that health is more important than wealth. 健康勝于財(cái)富這個(gè)道理是不言而喻的,。

They stood for hours without moving. 他們站了幾個(gè)小時(shí)，一動(dòng)不動(dòng),。

It wasn’t polite of you to help yourself without asking. 你不問(wèn)就自己吃東西不太禮貌,。

4. （表示條件）若無(wú)，若非,。例如：

I wouldn’t travel to a country without knowing its language. 如果不懂那個(gè)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言,，我就不會(huì)去,。

Without water, we cannot survive. 沒(méi)有水，我們無(wú)法生存,。

Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼鏡能看得見(jiàn)嗎,？

二、作表語(yǔ)的用法

“without”引出的介詞短語(yǔ)通常作狀語(yǔ),，但有時(shí)也可作表語(yǔ),。例如：

She is completely without shame. 她毫無(wú)羞恥感。

My research was without results. 我的研究毫無(wú)結(jié)果,。

The houses here are without running water. 這個(gè)地方的房子沒(méi)有自來(lái)水,。

We were without power for three hours, but it’s back now. 我們停電了三個(gè)小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在恢復(fù)了,。

三,、后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的用法

“without”后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

1. without + 賓語(yǔ) + 副詞

I’d be lost without you here. 如果沒(méi)有你在這兒，我會(huì)迷失方向,。

I’m very near-sighted without my glasses. 我不戴眼鏡的話非常近視,。

2. without + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ)

We’d be better off without them as neighbors. 如果沒(méi)有這些鄰居，我們會(huì)過(guò)得更好,。

I prefer coffee without sugar. 我喜歡不加糖的咖啡,。

3. without + 賓語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)名詞

Without anyone noticing, he slipped out. 無(wú)人注意，他悄悄溜了出去,。

They debated for hours without reaching a decision. 他們爭(zhēng)論了幾個(gè)小時(shí),，也沒(méi)有達(dá)成決定。

4. without + 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式

Without anyone to assist, how can we proceed? 沒(méi)有人幫忙,，我們?cè)趺蠢^續(xù),？

It was dull to sit there without anything to do. 坐在那里無(wú)所事事真無(wú)聊。

5. without + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞

Without another word exchanged, they set off. 沒(méi)有再說(shuō)一句話,，他們就出發(fā)了,。

總結(jié)

掌握“without”的用法對(duì)于托福考試的語(yǔ)法部分至關(guān)重要,。希望通過(guò)本文的講解,，考生能夠更好地理解和應(yīng)用這一語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)，為托福備考打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),。

For many TOEFL test takers, mastering grammar is essential for achieving a high score. One important aspect of English grammar that often causes confusion is the use of the word "without." In this article, we will explore how to use "without" correctly and effectively in your writing and speaking. ??

What Does "Without" Mean? ??

"Without" is a preposition that means "not having" or "in the absence of." It can introduce phrases that describe situations where something is missing or not present. For example, "She left without her umbrella," indicates that she did not take her umbrella with her.

Using "Without" in Sentences ??

When using "without," it is important to remember that it is often followed by a noun or a gerund (the -ing form of a verb). Here are some examples:

• He completed the project without any help.
• They cannot succeed without hard work.
• Without studying, you may not pass the exam.

Notice how "without" sets up a contrast or highlights a lack of something necessary for a positive outcome. This is a common structure in academic writing, which is especially relevant for the TOEFL exam.

Common Mistakes with "Without" ??

One common mistake is using "without" incorrectly with verbs. Remember, you should use the gerund form when you want to express an action. For example:

• Incorrect: He left without to eat dinner.
• Correct: He left without eating dinner.

Another mistake is using "without" in a way that creates confusion or ambiguity. Be clear about what is missing. Instead of saying "I went out without my phone," you might specify, "I went out without my smartphone," to avoid any misunderstandings.

Practice Questions ??

To help reinforce your understanding of "without," here are a few practice questions:

• Fill in the blank: She couldn't finish the race _____ water.
• Choose the correct sentence:

  • A) He left without to say goodbye.
  • B) He left without saying goodbye.

Answers: The first question's answer is "without," and the correct sentence is B.

TOEFL Writing Example ??

In the TOEFL writing section, you might encounter a prompt like:

Topic: "Do you agree or disagree that people can be happy without wealth?"

Your response could include sentences like:

• "Many people find joy without material possessions."
• "Living without excess can lead to a more fulfilling life."

Using "without" effectively in your essays can demonstrate your grasp of English grammar and enhance your overall argument.

Conclusion ??

Understanding how to use "without" correctly is crucial for TOEFL success. By practicing its usage in various contexts, you can improve both your writing and speaking skills. Remember to pay attention to common mistakes and keep refining your grammar. Good luck with your TOEFL preparation!

在準(zhǔn)備托福考試時(shí),，語(yǔ)法是一個(gè)不可忽視的重要部分,。掌握一些實(shí)用的語(yǔ)法技巧，不僅能幫助你在寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)中表達(dá)得更加清晰,，還能提高你的閱讀和聽(tīng)力理解能力,。以下是一些有效的語(yǔ)法技巧和經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享,，希望能對(duì)你有所幫助。??

1. 理解基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)

在托?？荚囍?，熟悉基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)至關(guān)重要。英語(yǔ)的基本句型主要有以下幾種：

• 簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentence）：包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ),。例如：The cat sleeps.
• 并列句（Compound Sentence）：由兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句通過(guò)連詞連接而成,。例如：The cat sleeps, and the dog barks.
• 復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句。例如：The cat sleeps because it is tired.

掌握這些基本句型后,，你可以更靈活地構(gòu)造句子,，從而提高寫(xiě)作分?jǐn)?shù)。

2. 注意時(shí)態(tài)的使用

時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用是托福語(yǔ)法中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),。在寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)中,，確保使用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)可以使你的表達(dá)更加準(zhǔn)確。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)有：

• 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（Simple Present）：用于描述習(xí)慣或事實(shí),。例如：I study English every day.
• 一般過(guò)去時(shí)（Simple Past）：用于描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,。例如：I studied English yesterday.
• 將來(lái)時(shí)（Future）：用于描述未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或預(yù)測(cè)。例如：I will study English tomorrow.

在寫(xiě)作時(shí),，可以通過(guò)使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)展示事件之間的關(guān)系,，使文章更具邏輯性。

3. 學(xué)會(huì)使用連接詞

連接詞可以幫助你在句子和段落之間建立邏輯關(guān)系,，使文章更加流暢,。以下是一些常用的連接詞：

• 因果關(guān)系（Cause and Effect）：because, therefore, as a result
• 對(duì)比關(guān)系（Contrast）：however, on the other hand, although
• 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（Addition）：furthermore, in addition, moreover

在寫(xiě)作中合理使用連接詞，可以增強(qiáng)論證的力度,，提升整體表達(dá)的水平,。

4. 避免常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤

在托福考試中,，有一些常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤需要特別注意：

• 主謂一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）：確保主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)的一致性,。例如：The group of students is studying.
• 代詞使用（Pronoun Usage）：注意代詞的指代是否明確。例如：Everyone should bring their own lunch.
• 時(shí)態(tài)一致（Tense Consistency）：在同一段落中保持時(shí)態(tài)的一致性,。

在練習(xí)過(guò)程中,，特別注意這些常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤，可以有效提高你的語(yǔ)法水平,。

5. 多做練習(xí)提高語(yǔ)法水平

最后,，語(yǔ)法的提高離不開(kāi)大量的練習(xí),。你可以通過(guò)以下方式進(jìn)行有效的練習(xí)：

• 做模擬題（Practice Tests）：定期參加托福模擬考試,，熟悉考試形式和題型。
• 寫(xiě)作練習(xí)（Writing Practice）：每天寫(xiě)一篇短文,，著重使用新學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),。
• 參加語(yǔ)法課程（Grammar Courses）：如果條件允許,，可以參加專業(yè)的語(yǔ)法課程，系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí),。

通過(guò)不斷的練習(xí)和積累,，你的語(yǔ)法水平將會(huì)穩(wěn)步提升，為托?？荚嚧蛳聢?jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),。??

Understanding the Grammar Rule of "Without"

For TOEFL test takers, mastering various grammar rules is crucial for achieving a high score. One important preposition to understand is "without." This word can be tricky, but with the right guidance and examples, you'll be able to use it effortlessly in both writing and speaking. Let's dive into its grammar rules and some practical examples! ??

What Does "Without" Mean?

"Without" is a preposition that indicates the absence of something. It can be used in various contexts, often suggesting that something cannot happen or exist in the absence of another thing. For instance, you might say, "I can't study without my notes." This sentence implies that studying is not possible unless the notes are present.

Grammar Rules for Using "Without"

1. Usage with Nouns: "Without" is typically followed by a noun or a noun phrase. For example:

• "She left without her umbrella."
• "He completed the project without any help."

2. Usage with Gerunds: You can also use "without" before a gerund (the -ing form of a verb). For example:

• "You cannot succeed without working hard."
• "They went to the party without inviting us."

3. Negative Connotation: Using "without" often implies a negative consequence. For instance:

• "Living in a city without public transport can be challenging."
• "A life without friends is lonely."

Examples in Context

To solidify your understanding, let’s look at some broader examples:

• "You shouldn't drive without wearing a seatbelt." ??
• "I can’t imagine a world without music." ??
• "He managed to finish his degree without taking any loans." ??

Practice Makes Perfect

Now that you understand how to use "without," it's time to practice! Here are some exercises you can try:

• Write five sentences using "without" followed by a noun.
• Create three sentences using "without" followed by a gerund.
• Think of a situation where something significant cannot happen without a specific element, and write a sentence about it.

Additionally, consider this prompt for a writing exercise: "Discuss the importance of teamwork without mentioning individual contributions." This will challenge you to think critically about the role of collaboration. ??

Common Mistakes to Avoid

While using "without," be cautious of these common errors:

• Incorrect: "Without to study, I won't pass."
  Correct: "Without studying, I won't pass."
• Incorrect: "She went without to the store."
  Correct: "She went to the store without her wallet."

Focusing on these details will help improve your writing clarity and coherence, which is essential for your TOEFL exam. ??

Conclusion

By understanding the grammar rules surrounding "without" and practicing its usage in various contexts, you can enhance your English proficiency significantly. Keep practicing, and soon, using "without" will become second nature to you!