托福寫作評(píng)分解讀 你知道E-rater是如何評(píng)分的嗎?

在托福考試中,，作文部分的評(píng)分不僅依賴于人工評(píng)分,，還包括E-rater這一智能評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。那么,，E-rater究竟是如何進(jìn)行評(píng)分的呢,？本文將為您詳細(xì)解析。

E-rater的評(píng)分機(jī)制

完成托?？荚嚭?，考生的作文（包括綜合寫作和獨(dú)立寫作）會(huì)由經(jīng)過ETS培訓(xùn)的評(píng)卷老師和E-rater共同打分。兩者的評(píng)分獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,，互不知曉,，評(píng)分范圍均為0-5分。系統(tǒng)會(huì)對(duì)這兩個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行加權(quán)平均,。此外,，為確保評(píng)分的公正性，人工評(píng)分和機(jī)器評(píng)分之間的誤差不得超過1分,。若誤差超過1分,，將由ETS的專業(yè)評(píng)卷人員進(jìn)行再次審核。

E-rater的評(píng)分原理

E-rater利用自然語(yǔ)言處理（NLP）技術(shù),，通過分析考生寫作文本與ETS歷史寫作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,。它特別擅長(zhǎng)捕捉語(yǔ)言使用方面的細(xì)節(jié)。E-rater會(huì)檢查考生的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,，通過邏輯連接詞的使用來評(píng)估文章的邏輯性,，并通過主題關(guān)鍵詞檢測(cè)是否存在跑題現(xiàn)象,。簡(jiǎn)單來說，E-rater就像一個(gè)智能軟件,，通過與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的文章進(jìn)行比對(duì)來給出分?jǐn)?shù),。

E-rater評(píng)估的關(guān)鍵方面

許多人以為E-rater僅能檢查語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，其實(shí)它可以依據(jù)托福寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),，從五個(gè)方面來評(píng)估考生的作品：
1. Organization & Development（文章組織與發(fā)展）
2. Grammar（語(yǔ)法）
3. Usage（用詞）
4. Mechanics（格式）
5. Style（語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格）

精準(zhǔn)評(píng)分的背后

托福獨(dú)立寫作主要從三個(gè)維度評(píng)估考生的表現(xiàn)：Development（內(nèi)容發(fā)展）,、Organization（結(jié)構(gòu)組織）和Language Use（語(yǔ)言使用）。E-rater通過以下方法來確保評(píng)分的準(zhǔn)確性：
1. Average Sentence Length（平均句長(zhǎng)）：如果句子過短,，可能表明考生的思路較為簡(jiǎn)單,。官方建議平均句長(zhǎng)應(yīng)為15-20個(gè)詞。
2. Number of Sentences in Body Paragraphs（段落句子數(shù)量）：段落中句子數(shù)量太少,，可能意味著考生沒有足夠的內(nèi)容展開觀點(diǎn),。

此外，E-rater還會(huì)檢測(cè)與主題相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容,，以確?？忌鷽]有跑題，因此,，使用與主題相關(guān)的詞匯和表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,。

關(guān)于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的評(píng)估

在Organization維度上，E-rater會(huì)從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行評(píng)估：
1. Number of Discourse Elements（話語(yǔ)元素?cái)?shù)量）：E-rater會(huì)檢查考生是否合理分段,，包括Thesis Statement,、Main Ideas、Supporting Ideas,、Conclusion等,。
2. Use of Transitions（邏輯連接詞的使用）：通過檢測(cè)句子之間的邏輯連接詞，判斷文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理,。

在Language Use維度上,，E-rater將分析語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，審核語(yǔ)法,、用詞,、格式和風(fēng)格等方面的細(xì)節(jié)。

想要深入了解Language Use的細(xì)節(jié),，建議查閱《TOEFL Official Guide (5th Edition)》第669頁(yè)到731頁(yè)的第10章“Writer’s Handbook for English Language Learners”,。

總之，E-rater的評(píng)分系統(tǒng)不僅細(xì)致入微,，而且十分智能,。不過，考生只需按照托福寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升寫作質(zhì)量，減少拼寫和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,，就能獲得理想的分?jǐn)?shù),。

托福寫作評(píng)分解讀 你知道E-rater是如何評(píng)分的嗎?

托福寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是每位考生在備考過程中必須了解的重要內(nèi)容。掌握這些評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不僅能幫助你提高寫作水平,，還能讓你在考試中更有信心,。本文將為你詳細(xì)解析托福寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并提供一些實(shí)用的建議和示例,。

一,、托福寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述

托福寫作部分主要分為兩個(gè)任務(wù)：

1. Integrated Writing（綜合寫作）

2. Independent Writing（獨(dú)立寫作）

每個(gè)任務(wù)都會(huì)根據(jù)以下四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行評(píng)分：

1. 內(nèi)容（Content）

2. 組織結(jié)構(gòu)（Organization）

3. 語(yǔ)言使用（Language Use）

4. 語(yǔ)法和機(jī)械性（Grammar and Mechanics）

二,、評(píng)分細(xì)則詳解

1. 內(nèi)容: 你的文章需要清晰地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或總結(jié)信息,。在綜合寫作中，確保你準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了閱讀材料和聽力材料的要點(diǎn),。在獨(dú)立寫作中,，論點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)明確且有說服力。

2. 組織結(jié)構(gòu): 文章的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理,，段落之間要有邏輯聯(lián)系,。良好的組織可以幫助讀者更容易理解你的觀點(diǎn)。例如,，使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞（如 “first”, “however”, “in addition”）來連接段落,。

3. 語(yǔ)言使用: 使用豐富的詞匯和多樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以提升你的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)。避免重復(fù)使用相同的詞匯,，嘗試使用同義詞和不同的表達(dá)方式,。??

4. 語(yǔ)法和機(jī)械性: 確保你的句子沒有明顯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)使用得當(dāng),。注意拼寫錯(cuò)誤,，因?yàn)檫@些小錯(cuò)誤會(huì)影響整體印象。

三,、寫作范文示例

以下是一個(gè)獨(dú)立寫作的題目和參考答案示例：

題目: Some people believe that the best way to increase a country’s economic growth is to invest in infrastructure. Others think that it is better to invest in education. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

參考答案:

In recent years, the debate over how to boost a country’s economic growth has intensified. While some argue that investing in infrastructure is the most effective approach, others advocate for prioritizing education. Both perspectives have their merits, but I believe that investing in education yields more sustainable benefits.

On one hand, infrastructure development can lead to immediate economic benefits. Improved transportation systems facilitate trade, reduce travel time, and attract foreign investment. For instance, countries that have invested heavily in their road networks have seen significant increases in GDP. However, these benefits may only be short-term if not accompanied by a skilled workforce.

On the other hand, investing in education creates long-term advantages. A well-educated population is essential for innovation and productivity. Countries that prioritize education tend to have higher rates of entrepreneurship and technological advancement. For example, Finland’s investment in education has resulted in a highly skilled workforce that drives its economy forward.

In conclusion, while infrastructure investments are important, I firmly believe that focusing on education is the key to sustainable economic growth. A strong educational system not only prepares individuals for the job market but also fosters a culture of innovation that can propel a nation into the future. ??

四,、備考建議

1. 多練習(xí)：通過模擬考試和定期寫作練習(xí)來提高寫作能力。

2. 閱讀優(yōu)秀范文：分析高分范文,，學(xué)習(xí)其結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞,。

3. 尋求反饋：請(qǐng)老師或同學(xué)幫你批改作文，及時(shí)糾正錯(cuò)誤,。

4. 關(guān)注時(shí)間管理：在考試中合理分配時(shí)間,，確保每個(gè)部分都能完成。

通過了解托福寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并采取有效的備考策略,，你一定能在考試中取得理想的成績(jī),。加油！??

As a TOEFL candidate, mastering the letter "E" can be a crucial part of your preparation. The letter "E" appears frequently in English vocabulary, and understanding its significance can enhance your reading, writing, and speaking skills. Let's explore some effective strategies to incorporate "E" into your study routine! ??

1. Vocabulary Building with "E"

Expanding your vocabulary is essential for TOEFL success. Start by creating a list of words that begin with the letter "E." Here are some examples:

• Example: Education - The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction.
• Example: Environment - The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives.
• Example: Experience - Practical contact with and observation of facts or events.

Make flashcards with these words and their meanings. This will help you remember them better and use them in your essays and speaking tasks. ??

2. Practice Writing Essays

Writing is a significant part of the TOEFL exam. Practice writing essays that include "E" related topics. Here’s a sample prompt:

“Do you agree or disagree that education is the most important factor in a person's success?”

In your essay, make sure to include relevant examples. For instance, you could discuss how education provides essential skills and knowledge that lead to better job opportunities. Remember to structure your essay clearly with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. ??

3. Reading Comprehension

Reading passages in the TOEFL often contain various themes. When practicing reading comprehension, focus on texts related to the environment or education. Here is a short reading text you could practice with:

“The environment plays a crucial role in shaping our lives. It affects our health, well-being, and even our education. Protecting the environment is essential for future generations.”

After reading, ask yourself questions such as:

• What is the main idea of the text?
• How does the environment impact education?

This will help you improve your understanding and retention of the material. ??

4. Listening Skills

Listening is another critical component of the TOEFL. To enhance your listening skills, find podcasts or lectures that focus on educational topics or environmental issues. Here’s a suggestion for a listening exercise:

“Listen to a lecture about the importance of environmental education in schools. Take notes on key points discussed.”

After listening, summarize what you learned. This will help you practice both your listening and summarization skills. ??

5. Speaking Practice

Speaking tasks often require you to express your opinions. Practice speaking about topics that start with "E," such as education or environment. You might consider the following prompt:

“Describe an experience that changed your view on education.”

Practice speaking for 1-2 minutes on this topic. Focus on using clear pronunciation and varied vocabulary. Record yourself to evaluate your performance and identify areas for improvement. ???

6. Mock Tests

Taking practice tests can significantly boost your confidence. Use TOEFL prep books or online resources to find sample questions. Ensure to include sections that focus on "E" related themes. For example:

“What is the effect of education on society?”

Answering such questions will prepare you for the actual exam format and help you manage your time effectively. ?

Incorporating the letter "E" into your TOEFL preparation can provide you with a solid foundation for success. By focusing on vocabulary, writing, reading, listening, speaking, and practice tests, you can enhance your skills and boost your confidence. Good luck with your TOEFL journey! ??

提高托福寫作的技巧

對(duì)于許多托福考生來說,，寫作部分可能是最具挑戰(zhàn)性的,。然而，通過一些有效的技巧和策略,，你可以顯著提高你的寫作分?jǐn)?shù),。以下是一些實(shí)用的方法，幫助你在托福寫作中脫穎而出,！??

1. 理解題目要求

在開始寫作之前,，確保你完全理解題目的要求。每個(gè)題目都會(huì)有特定的指示,，例如：

題目文本：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to work in a team than to work alone.”

仔細(xì)分析這個(gè)問題,，明確你是要支持團(tuán)隊(duì)合作還是單獨(dú)工作。確保你的觀點(diǎn)清晰且一致,。

2. 制定大綱

在動(dòng)筆之前,，花幾分鐘時(shí)間制定一個(gè)大綱。一個(gè)好的大綱可以幫助你組織思路,，確保你的文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,。通常，一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的托福寫作大綱包括：

- 引言

- 論點(diǎn)一（支持或反對(duì)）

- 論點(diǎn)二（支持或反對(duì)）

- 結(jié)論

這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)將使你的文章更具邏輯性,。??

3. 使用多樣的詞匯和句型

在寫作中,，使用豐富的詞匯和多樣的句型可以使你的文章更加引人注目。例如,，可以嘗試使用一些同義詞來替代常見的詞匯：

- “good” 可以替換為 “beneficial” 或 “advantageous”

- “bad” 可以替換為 “detrimental” 或 “harmful”

此外,，嘗試使用不同的句型，如復(fù)合句或復(fù)雜句,，以展示你的語(yǔ)言能力,。??

4. 注意語(yǔ)法和拼寫

即使你的觀點(diǎn)很強(qiáng)烈，如果語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤頻繁,，也會(huì)影響評(píng)分,。因此，在寫作時(shí),，盡量避免基本的語(yǔ)法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤,。你可以使用一些在線工具來檢查你的文章，例如 Grammarly 或 Hemingway Editor,。這些工具可以幫助你識(shí)別并糾正錯(cuò)誤,。??

5. 練習(xí)模擬考試

為了提高寫作能力，定期進(jìn)行模擬考試是非常重要的,。選擇一些常見的托福寫作題目進(jìn)行練習(xí),，比如：

新題：“Some people believe that it is important to spend time with family. Others think that it is more important to spend time with friends. Discuss both views and give your opinion.”

在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成寫作，之后再進(jìn)行自我評(píng)估或請(qǐng)他人提供反饋。這將幫助你熟悉考試的節(jié)奏和壓力,。?

6. 閱讀優(yōu)秀范文

閱讀一些高分范文可以幫助你了解優(yōu)秀寫作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。你可以在網(wǎng)上找到很多托福高分范文，分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu),、用詞和論述方式,。

參考答案：“In my opinion, spending time with family is more beneficial because it strengthens family bonds and provides emotional support.”

通過學(xué)習(xí)這些范文，你可以吸收不同的寫作風(fēng)格和技巧,。??

7. 保持積極的心態(tài)

最后,，保持積極的心態(tài)是成功的關(guān)鍵。在準(zhǔn)備托福寫作時(shí),，可能會(huì)遇到挫折,，但不要?dú)怵H。每一次練習(xí)都是一個(gè)進(jìn)步的機(jī)會(huì),。相信自己的能力,，持續(xù)努力，你一定能夠取得理想的成績(jī),！??

希望這些技巧能夠幫助你在托福寫作中取得更好的成績(jī)！祝你好運(yùn),！