托福聽(tīng)力講座背景知識(shí)補(bǔ)充：—電影史

電影的演變與攝影技術(shù)的發(fā)展密不可分,。1878年,，兩個(gè)朋友為了驗(yàn)證一匹馬奔跑時(shí)是否有四蹄同時(shí)離地而請(qǐng)來(lái)攝影師拍攝。這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)不僅證明了這一點(diǎn),，還揭示了通過(guò)快速翻閱連續(xù)圖像可以產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)的幻覺(jué),，從而誕生了最早的“電影”。當(dāng)時(shí),，這種技術(shù)只能讓一個(gè)人觀看,，無(wú)法投影。

進(jìn)入19世紀(jì)80年代,，投影技術(shù)的發(fā)明使得多人觀看變得可能,，但電影依然只是簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作，沒(méi)有故事情節(jié)的編排,。直到19世紀(jì)末,，電影仍處于無(wú)聲階段。

20世紀(jì)初,，劇院老板會(huì)邀請(qǐng)樂(lè)團(tuán)為電影配樂(lè),，觀眾開(kāi)始渴望有聲電影的出現(xiàn)。

到了20世紀(jì)20年代,，第一部有聲電影問(wèn)世,，雖然配音并未貫穿始終，但標(biāo)志著有聲電影的起步,。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,，電影逐漸發(fā)展為彩色影片，黑白電影直到20世紀(jì)60年代才被廣泛淘汰,。

電視機(jī)的出現(xiàn)使得人們對(duì)電影的熱情減退,，迫使電影行業(yè)不斷創(chuàng)新。不同風(fēng)格的電影層出不窮,，而新浪潮運(yùn)動(dòng)也隨之興起,。專業(yè)電影學(xué)院的建立為電影制作者提供了更好的教育和實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì)，而21世紀(jì)初的數(shù)字技術(shù)發(fā)展使電影行業(yè)再度煥發(fā)活力,。

大發(fā)明家Thomas Alva Edison和法國(guó)的Lumiere Brothers是電影發(fā)展的先驅(qū),。盡管Edison并非直接發(fā)明者，但他雇傭的年輕蘇格蘭人成功研發(fā)了電影放映系統(tǒng),。1888年,，Edison發(fā)明了留聲機(jī)后，便將重心轉(zhuǎn)向電影，開(kāi)發(fā)出Kinetograph和Kinetoscope,。第一部獲得版權(quán)保護(hù)的影片由Edison公司員工Fred Ott演出,，內(nèi)容是他打噴嚏。Edison意識(shí)到電影將成為一項(xiàng)蓬勃發(fā)展的行業(yè),，因此在新澤西州建立了電影攝影棚,。1893年，Eastman Kodak開(kāi)始供應(yīng)電影膠卷,，使得Edison得以加速拍攝新影片,。1896年4月23日，美國(guó)首部在電影院上映的電影正式亮相紐約市,。

相比之下,，盧米埃爾兄弟在父親的照相館學(xué)習(xí)攝影技術(shù)，并研制出cinematographe,。他們的電影作品更傾向于記錄現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,，展現(xiàn)戶外場(chǎng)景，可以說(shuō)是紀(jì)錄片的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者,。

在官方真題Official的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)中,，有一篇講座分析了20世紀(jì)二三十年代電影人Jean Painlevé的特點(diǎn)，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了他的特殊攝影風(fēng)格,。他將科學(xué)與科幻結(jié)合，拍攝水下小生物,，尋找人與動(dòng)物的共通之處,，同時(shí)運(yùn)用音樂(lè)表現(xiàn)情感。文中還提到另一位著名的水下電影制作者Jacques Cousteau,。

主要涉及到的電影場(chǎng)景詞匯如下：

projector 放映機(jī)

shoot 拍攝

space 太空

fairy 仙境的

photographer 攝影師

shot 鏡頭

sailor 海員

technique 技術(shù)

inventor 發(fā)明者

image 圖像

photocopy 影印

theater/cinema 電影院

standard 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

hybrid/mixture 混合

pioneer 先驅(qū)

innovator 改革者

characteristic 特征,，特質(zhì)

narration 敘事

audience 觀眾，聽(tīng)眾

portray 描繪

photography 攝影

high-tech 高科技

documentary 紀(jì)錄片

documentarist 紀(jì)錄片導(dǎo)演

以上就是小編為大家補(bǔ)充的托福聽(tīng)力講座熱門(mén)話題的背景知識(shí)補(bǔ)充,，希望同學(xué)們能夠通過(guò)這些信息提高自己的聽(tīng)力理解能力,，順利應(yīng)對(duì)托福考試,。

As a TOEFL test taker, mastering the listening section is crucial, especially when it comes to topics like film history. Understanding common themes and vocabulary in this area can significantly enhance your performance. Here, we will explore some key aspects of TOEFL listening related to film history, providing you with strategies and insights to help you succeed. ??

1. Common Topics in Film History Listening

In the TOEFL listening section, you might encounter various topics related to film history. Some common areas include:

• The Evolution of Film Technology: This includes discussions on how technology has changed filmmaking over the years, from silent films to CGI. ???
• Influential Directors and Their Styles: Be prepared to hear about directors like Alfred Hitchcock or Steven Spielberg and their unique contributions to cinema. ??
• Film Genres and Their Characteristics: You may listen to descriptions of different genres such as horror, comedy, or documentary films. Each genre has distinct features that are often discussed. ??
• Impact of Films on Society: This topic covers how films reflect and influence social issues, cultural movements, and public opinion. ??

2. Key Vocabulary to Know

Familiarizing yourself with essential vocabulary can greatly improve your comprehension. Here are some terms you might encounter:

• Cinematography: The art of photographing and lighting a movie.
• Editing: The process of selecting and combining shots into a coherent film.
• Screenplay: The script of a film, including dialogue and instructions for actors and crew.
• Box Office: The commercial success of a film, measured by ticket sales.

3. Sample Listening Exercise

To give you an idea of what to expect, here’s a sample listening exercise:

Listening Text: "In the early 20th century, films were primarily silent. However, with the advent of sound technology in the late 1920s, filmmakers began to experiment with audio, leading to the first 'talkies.' This innovation not only transformed the viewing experience but also influenced storytelling techniques."

Question: What major change in film technology occurred in the late 1920s?

Answer: The introduction of sound technology, leading to the first 'talkies.'

4. Strategies for Success

Here are some practical tips to enhance your listening skills for the TOEFL:

• Practice Active Listening: Focus on understanding the main ideas and details. Take notes while listening to lectures or podcasts about film history.
• Familiarize Yourself with Different Accents: The TOEFL listening section may feature speakers with various English accents. Exposure to these can help you adjust during the test.
• Engage with Film Content: Watch documentaries or films with commentary to gain insights into film history while improving your listening skills. ???
• Review Past TOEFL Listening Questions: Familiarize yourself with the format and types of questions asked in previous tests to build confidence. ??

5. Practice Makes Perfect

Lastly, consistent practice is key to mastering the listening section. Here are some resources you can use:

• Online Courses: Websites like Coursera or edX offer courses on film studies that often include listening components.
• Podcasts: Look for podcasts focused on film analysis or history; they can provide valuable listening practice.
• TOEFL Preparation Books: Many books include listening exercises specifically designed for TOEFL test-takers.

By focusing on these aspects of film history, you can enhance your listening skills and perform better in the TOEFL exam. Remember, the more you engage with the material, the more confident you will feel on test day. Good luck! ??

托福聽(tīng)力講座基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是每位托?？忌仨氄莆盏囊粋€(gè)重要方面。聽(tīng)力部分不僅對(duì)你的總分有直接影響,，還能在很大程度上決定你在其他部分的表現(xiàn),。本文將為你分享一些關(guān)于托福聽(tīng)力講座的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，幫助你更好地備考,。??

1. 理解聽(tīng)力講座的結(jié)構(gòu)

托福聽(tīng)力部分通常包括兩種主要類型的內(nèi)容：對(duì)話和講座,。講座通常是學(xué)術(shù)性的，涵蓋各種主題，如歷史,、科學(xué),、藝術(shù)等。每個(gè)講座大約持續(xù) 3-5分鐘,，并且會(huì)有 6-8個(gè)問(wèn)題與之相關(guān),。在準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，了解這些結(jié)構(gòu)特征可以幫助你更有效地捕捉關(guān)鍵信息,。

2. 聽(tīng)力技巧

在托福聽(tīng)力中,，有一些技巧可以幫助你更好地理解內(nèi)容：

• 做筆記：在聽(tīng)講座時(shí)，記下關(guān)鍵詞和重要信息,，這將幫助你回答后面的題目,。
• 預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容：根據(jù)標(biāo)題和開(kāi)頭的內(nèi)容，嘗試預(yù)測(cè)接下來(lái)可能討論的主題,。
• 注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞：如“however”,、“although”等，這些詞通常表示觀點(diǎn)的變化或補(bǔ)充信息,。

3. 常見(jiàn)題型

托福聽(tīng)力講座中的問(wèn)題類型多種多樣,，以下是一些常見(jiàn)的題型：

• Main Idea: What is the main idea of the lecture? (講座的主要觀點(diǎn)是什么？)
• Detail: According to the speaker, what is one reason for... ? (根據(jù)演講者的說(shuō)法,，為什么...,？)
• Inference: What can be inferred about... ? (可以推斷出關(guān)于...的什么？)
• Function: What is the purpose of the statement made in line 20? (第20行所述的目的是什么,？)

4. 練習(xí)資源

為了提高你的聽(tīng)力能力,，建議使用以下資源進(jìn)行練習(xí)：

• Official TOEFL Practice Online: 提供真實(shí)考試的聽(tīng)力材料和模擬題。
• TED Talks: 聽(tīng)不同主題的演講,，可以提高你的聽(tīng)力理解能力,。
• TOEFL Prep Books: 如《The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test》，里面包含了聽(tīng)力練習(xí)和解析,。

5. 模擬考試

參加模擬考試是檢驗(yàn)自己準(zhǔn)備情況的好方法,。通過(guò)模擬考試，你可以熟悉考試的節(jié)奏,，提升時(shí)間管理能力,。同時(shí),，模擬考試后的分析也非常重要。確保你了解每道錯(cuò)題的原因，并尋找改進(jìn)的方法,。??

6. 心態(tài)調(diào)整

最后,，保持積極的心態(tài)也是成功的關(guān)鍵,。在考試前,，盡量放松自己，確保充足的睡眠和良好的飲食。相信自己的努力,，相信你能夠在托福聽(tīng)力部分取得理想的成績(jī),！??

希望以上的分享能對(duì)你的托福聽(tīng)力備考有所幫助！祝你在考試中取得優(yōu)異的成績(jī),！??

對(duì)于準(zhǔn)備托福考試的考生來(lái)說(shuō),，聽(tīng)力部分常常是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),。為了幫助大家更好地應(yīng)對(duì)這一部分，我們將探討一些高頻主題及其相關(guān)內(nèi)容,。這不僅能提高你的聽(tīng)力理解能力,，還能幫助你在考試中取得更好的成績(jī)。??

一,、學(xué)術(shù)講座

學(xué)術(shù)講座是托福聽(tīng)力中常見(jiàn)的主題之一,，通常涉及科學(xué)、歷史或社會(huì)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域,。在這一部分,，考生需要注意講座的主要觀點(diǎn)和支持細(xì)節(jié)。

Example Listening Text: "Today, we will discuss the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity. Recent studies indicate that rising ocean temperatures are causing coral bleaching, which affects entire ecosystems." ??

Key Vocabulary: marine biodiversity, coral bleaching, ecosystem

Possible Questions:

• What is the main topic of the lecture?
• What are the effects of climate change mentioned?

二,、校園生活

校園生活相關(guān)的聽(tīng)力材料常常圍繞學(xué)生的日?；顒?dòng)、課程安排和社交生活,?？忌枰プ?duì)話中的關(guān)鍵信息。

Example Listening Text: "Hey, did you sign up for the study group? I think it’s a great way to prepare for the upcoming exam." ??

Key Vocabulary: study group, prepare, exam

Possible Questions:

• What suggestion is made in the conversation?
• What is the purpose of the study group?

三,、藝術(shù)與文化

藝術(shù)與文化的話題在托福聽(tīng)力中也很常見(jiàn)，可能涉及音樂(lè),、繪畫(huà)或文學(xué)等方面,。考生需關(guān)注藝術(shù)作品的背景和影響,。

Example Listening Text: "The Impressionist movement changed how we perceive light and color in painting. Artists like Monet and Renoir focused on capturing moments in time." ??

Key Vocabulary: Impressionist, perceive, capturing

Possible Questions:

• What is the significance of the Impressionist movement?
• Which artists are mentioned in the lecture?

四,、科學(xué)研究

科學(xué)研究相關(guān)的聽(tīng)力材料通常涉及實(shí)驗(yàn)、發(fā)現(xiàn)和理論,?？忌枰斫庋芯康哪康暮徒Y(jié)果。

Example Listening Text: "In our experiment, we tested the effects of different fertilizers on plant growth. The results showed that organic fertilizers were more effective than synthetic ones." ??

Key Vocabulary: experiment, fertilizers, effective

Possible Questions:

• What was the main focus of the experiment?
• What type of fertilizer yielded better results?

五,、環(huán)境問(wèn)題

環(huán)境問(wèn)題是一個(gè)重要的聽(tīng)力主題,，考生需要關(guān)注討論的具體問(wèn)題和解決方案。

Example Listening Text: "Plastic pollution is one of the biggest challenges facing our oceans today. Initiatives like beach clean-ups and recycling programs aim to reduce this issue." ??

Key Vocabulary: plastic pollution, initiatives, recycling

Possible Questions:

• What is the main environmental issue discussed?
• What solutions are proposed to tackle this problem?

通過(guò)了解這些高頻主題和相關(guān)內(nèi)容，你可以更有效地準(zhǔn)備托福聽(tīng)力部分,。記得多做練習(xí),，提升自己的聽(tīng)力技巧，祝你考試順利,！??