托福閱讀考試中,，涉及到的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域非常廣泛，尤其是生態(tài)學(xué)這一熱門考察方向。為了幫助考生更好地理解和掌握相關(guān)內(nèi)容,，本文將梳理出一些常見的生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯,，這些詞匯對于提升閱讀速度和理解準確度至關(guān)重要。

1. ecologist 生態(tài)學(xué)家

2. ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

Example: We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.

3. balance (of nature) 自然界生態(tài)平衡

4. fauna 動物群

Example: Composition of birds fauna and habitats are also analysed and evaluated.

5. flora 植物群

Example: The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.

6. rain forest 雨林

7. food chain 食物鏈

Example: This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.

8. acid rain 酸雨

9. greenhouse effect 溫室效應(yīng)

Example: The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.

10. infrared radiation 紅外線輻射

Example: Radiative transfer of infrared radiation through the atmosphere is an important geophysical process.

11. ozone layer 臭氧層

Example: The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurt by the ultraviolet rays.

12. ultraviolet radiation 紫外輻射

Example: Ultraviolet radiation threatens other forms of life as well.

13. pollution 污染

14. pollution control 污染控制

15. air pollution 空氣污染

16. water pollution 水污染

17. noise pollution 噪音污染

18. soil pollution 土壤污染

19. pollution-free 無污染

Example: People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.

20. pollutant 污染物

21. noxious (toxic) 有毒的

Example: Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.

22. fumes (有毒)廢氣

23. waste 廢物

Example: Overcrowding has taxed the city's ability to deal with waste.

24. solid waste 固體垃圾

25. sewage (wastewater) 污水

Example: There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged.

26. sewage purification 污水凈化

27. sewage disposal 污水處理

28. decibel (噪音)分貝

Example: The decibel level was mounting.

通過掌握以上生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)詞匯,，考生能夠在托福閱讀中更加游刃有余,。這些詞匯不僅在考試中頻繁出現(xiàn)，也對理解生態(tài)學(xué)的基本概念至關(guān)重要,，希望大家在備考過程中能夠加以運用,，提升自己的閱讀能力。

Introduction to TOEFL Reading and Ecology Vocabulary ??

As a TOEFL test taker, you might often encounter passages related to ecology. Understanding the specific vocabulary in this field can significantly enhance your comprehension skills and ultimately boost your score. In this article, we will explore essential ecological terms, provide example passages, and offer tips on how to effectively prepare for the reading section of the TOEFL exam.

Key Ecological Vocabulary ??

Familiarizing yourself with key vocabulary can make a difference in your reading performance. Here are some important words and their meanings:

• Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
• Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
• Sustainability: The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level, particularly concerning environmental balance.
• Habitat: The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
• Conservation: The act of preserving, protecting, or restoring the natural environment and wildlife.

Example Passage ??

Here’s a sample passage you might find in a TOEFL reading section:

The Amazon rainforest is known for its incredible biodiversity. This ecosystem is home to millions of species of plants and animals, many of which are not found anywhere else in the world. However, deforestation poses a significant threat to this habitat. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the sustainability of the rainforest and the diverse life it supports.

Practice Questions ?

After reading the passage, consider the following questions:

1. What is the main idea of the passage?
2. How does deforestation affect biodiversity in the Amazon?
3. What role do conservation efforts play in protecting ecosystems?

Answer Key ?

1. The main idea is the importance of biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest and the threats it faces from deforestation.

2. Deforestation reduces the number of habitats available for species, leading to a decline in biodiversity.

3. Conservation efforts help protect the rainforest and its inhabitants, ensuring that they can thrive for future generations.

New Topics to Explore ??

When preparing for the TOEFL, consider exploring these related topics:

• The impact of climate change on ecosystems
• Renewable energy sources and their benefits
• Urban ecology and the challenges of city environments
• The role of technology in conservation efforts

Strategies for Effective Preparation ??

To improve your reading skills in ecology, try the following strategies:

• Read widely: Engage with articles, books, and research papers focused on ecology and environmental science.
• Use flashcards: Create flashcards for ecological terms and their definitions to reinforce your memory.
• Practice summarizing: After reading a passage, write a brief summary to capture the main points and vocabulary.
• Take practice tests: Familiarize yourself with the TOEFL format by taking practice reading tests that include ecological topics.

Listening Comprehension ??

In addition to reading, listening comprehension is also vital. Here’s a sample listening text you might encounter:

“Today, we will discuss the importance of wetlands in our ecosystems. Wetlands serve as natural water filters and provide habitat for numerous species. Protecting these areas is essential for maintaining biodiversity and combating climate change.”

Conclusion ??

By focusing on ecological vocabulary and practicing regularly, you can enhance your reading skills for the TOEFL exam. Remember to engage with various materials, take notes, and actively participate in discussions about ecological issues. Good luck with your studies!

Preparing for the TOEFL can be quite a journey, especially if you're aiming to specialize in ecology. Understanding the specific vocabulary related to this field is essential for both the reading and listening sections. ?? In this article, we will explore some key ecological terms that you might encounter during your TOEFL exam.

1. Ecosystem ??

An ecosystem refers to a community of living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, interacting with their physical environment. For example, a forest or a coral reef can be considered ecosystems. When you see questions related to ecosystems in the reading section, look for how these components interact and support each other.

2. Biodiversity ??

Biodiversity is the variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. It includes the diversity of species, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. A common question might ask you to explain why biodiversity is important for ecosystem stability. Remember, higher biodiversity often leads to greater resilience against environmental changes.

3. Food Chain ???

The food chain illustrates how energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem. It starts with producers (like plants), followed by primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), and so on. Be prepared to answer questions about the roles of different organisms in a food chain and how disruptions can affect the entire ecosystem.

4. Photosynthesis ??

This is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll. It's crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth as it produces oxygen and organic compounds. Questions may involve explaining the significance of photosynthesis in maintaining ecological balance.

5. Habitat ???

A habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives. Different species have specific habitat requirements, which can include factors like climate, soil type, and availability of food. When studying habitats, consider how changes in the environment (like urbanization) can impact the organisms that live there.

6. Conservation ??

Conservation involves the protection and management of biodiversity and natural resources. You may encounter questions about various conservation strategies, such as protected areas, wildlife corridors, and sustainable practices. Understanding the importance of conservation efforts is vital for addressing ecological challenges.

7. Climate Change ???

Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperatures and weather patterns over time. It is a pressing issue in ecology, affecting biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide. Expect questions that discuss the impacts of climate change on specific species or habitats, as well as potential solutions.

8. Invasive Species ??

Invasive species are non-native organisms that spread widely in a new habitat, often causing harm to local ecosystems. Questions may require you to identify examples of invasive species and discuss their effects on biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Practice Questions:

• What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
• Explain how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem resilience.
• Describe the process of photosynthesis and its importance.
• How do invasive species disrupt local ecosystems?

Sample Reading Text:

"The Amazon Rainforest is one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet. It is home to millions of species, many of which are still undiscovered. However, deforestation and climate change pose significant threats to this vital habitat." ??

Listening Practice:

Listen to a lecture on the impacts of climate change on polar bear populations. Take notes on the main points discussed, focusing on how changes in ice habitats affect their hunting and breeding behaviors.

By familiarizing yourself with these ecological terms and concepts, you will enhance your understanding and performance on the TOEFL. Good luck with your studies! ??

對于每位準備參加托?？荚嚨目忌鷣碚f，掌握相關(guān)的學(xué)科詞匯是至關(guān)重要的,。詞匯不僅是語言的基礎(chǔ),，更是理解閱讀材料和聽力內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵。以下是一些有效的策略和資源,，幫助你更好地整理和記憶托?？荚囍械膶W(xué)科詞匯,。

1. 了解常見學(xué)科領(lǐng)域

托?？荚嚿婕岸鄠€學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，包括：

• Science (科學(xué))
• Social Studies (社會研究)
• Arts (藝術(shù))
• Business (商業(yè))

熟悉這些領(lǐng)域的基本概念和術(shù)語,，可以幫助你在考試中更快地理解題目和材料,。??

2. 學(xué)科詞匯示例

以下是一些常見的托福學(xué)科詞匯，供考生參考：

• Photosynthesis - 光合作用
• Economics - 經(jīng)濟學(xué)
• Culture - 文化
• Equilibrium - 平衡

記住這些詞匯,，并嘗試在句子中使用它們,，有助于加深記憶。??

3. 使用詞匯卡片

制作詞匯卡片是一種有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法,。在一面寫上單詞,，在另一面寫上其定義和例句。例如：

Word: Ecosystem

Definition: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Example: The rainforest is a complex ecosystem that supports diverse species.

通過不斷復(fù)習(xí)這些卡片,，你可以提高記憶效率,。??

4. 閱讀與聽力練習(xí)

為了鞏固你的學(xué)科詞匯，建議多進行閱讀和聽力練習(xí),?？梢赃x擇一些與托福考試相關(guān)的材料,，如：

• Reading Text: "The Role of Bacteria in the Nitrogen Cycle"
• Listening Text: "A Lecture on Renewable Energy Sources"

在閱讀或聽力時,，記錄下不懂的單詞，并查找其意思。這樣可以在實際上下文中理解詞匯的用法,。??

5. 模擬考試與真題練習(xí)

進行模擬考試是檢驗自己詞匯掌握程度的好方法,。可以參考以下題目進行練習(xí)：

Sample Question: "What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?"

Reference Answer: "The main purpose of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose."

通過這樣的練習(xí),，你能夠更好地適應(yīng)考試的節(jié)奏和形式,。?

6. 參與討論與交流

加入托福備考小組或論壇，與其他考生分享學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗和技巧,。在交流中,，你可以學(xué)習(xí)到更多的詞匯和用法，同時也能增強自己的口語能力,。??

7. 制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃

最后,，制定一個合理的學(xué)習(xí)計劃，確保每天都有時間來復(fù)習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯,?？梢栽O(shè)置每周的目標，例如每周學(xué)習(xí)50個新詞匯,，并進行相應(yīng)的復(fù)習(xí),。??

通過上述方法，你將能夠有效地整理和記憶托?？荚囍械膶W(xué)科詞匯,。堅持不懈的努力和合理的學(xué)習(xí)策略，將幫助你在考試中取得理想的成績,。祝你好運,！??