在1972年,，古生物學家Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge提出了與傳統(tǒng)觀點相對立的看法，即間斷平衡假說（punctuated equilibrium hypothesis）,。該假說認為,，物種的演變通常是突然發(fā)生的，而不是經過漫長的過渡期,。

句子分析

本句的主語是Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge,，謂語動詞是challenged，賓語是conventional wisdom,。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis則是an opposing viewpoint的同位語,，進一步解釋這個反對的觀點,。在同位語之后，有which引導的定語從句,，修飾前面的equilibrium hypothesis,，這個定語從句的謂語動詞是posits。

詞匯總結

conventional作形容詞,，表示“傳統(tǒng)的;習慣的;常規(guī)的”,，例如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 我們必須通過控制核武器、化學武器和常規(guī)武器來降低戰(zhàn)爭的危險,。

opposing作形容詞,，表示“相反的，對立的”,，例如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. 瑪麗和喬對于上學前班的目的持截然相反的觀點,。

punctuate作動詞，表示“不時打斷”,，例如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries.

equilibrium作名詞,，表示“平衡，均衡”,，例如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium. 本句中的punctuated equilibrium是一個生物學科詞,，表示“間斷平衡理論”。

give rise to的意思是“引起,，導致”，例如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems.

burst作名詞,，表示“爆發(fā)”,，例如：bursts of violent temper.

lengthy作形容詞，表示“(時間)過長的,，冗長的”,。

句子翻譯

1972年，古生物學家史蒂芬·杰伊·古爾德和奈爾斯·埃爾德用相反的論點挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)的認知,，即間斷平衡理論,，該理論假定物種演變?yōu)樾碌奈锓N是通過相對突然的爆發(fā)，而并非通過長時間的過渡時期,。

以上就是托福閱讀中長難句的訓練分析,，希望大家能夠學到有效的訓練和提升方法，讓自己更為輕松地面對長難句得到高分,。

在準備托?？荚嚨倪^程中，很多考生會發(fā)現閱讀部分的長難句往往讓人感到困惑,。為了幫助大家更好地理解這些句子,，我們將分享一些有效的解析方法和技巧,，希望能為你的備考提供幫助！??

1. 理解句子的基本結構

首先,，面對長難句時,，考生需要抓住句子的基本結構。這通常包括主語,、謂語和賓語,。在分析句子時，可以嘗試將句子拆分成小部分,，逐步理解,。例如：

“Although the weather was bad, the team decided to continue with their plans.”

這里，“Although the weather was bad”是一個從句,，而“the team decided to continue with their plans”是主句,。通過識別這些部分，考生可以更容易地理解句子的意思,。

2. 注意連接詞的使用

連接詞在長難句中起著至關重要的作用,，它們幫助我們理解句子之間的關系。例如,，轉折詞（如“however”,、“although”）和因果關系詞（如“because”、“therefore”）常常是解讀句子的關鍵,。

例如：

“The research was groundbreaking; however, it faced significant criticism from traditionalists.”

在這個句子中,，“however”表示轉折，提示我們研究雖然有創(chuàng)新,，但也受到批評,，這對理解整個句子至關重要。

3. 識別非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句通常用逗號隔開,，提供額外的信息,，但不影響句子的基本意思。這類從句在長難句中非常常見,，理解它們有助于我們獲取更多的背景信息,。

例如：

“The novel, which was published in 1920, has been a classic ever since.”

這里的“which was published in 1920”是非限制性定語從句，提供了關于小說的附加信息,，但即使去掉這部分,，句子的主要意思依然清晰。

4. 使用上下文推測詞義

在閱讀長難句時,，考生還可以通過上下文來推測不熟悉單詞的含義,。許多時候，前后的句子或段落可以提供足夠的線索,，幫助我們理解句子的整體意思,。比如：

“Despite its initial failure, the project eventually proved successful, leading to further funding.”

在這里,，即使“initial failure”這個詞組可能不太熟悉，但通過后面的“eventually proved successful”,，我們可以推測出項目的最終結果是積極的,。

5. 多做練習，積累經驗

最后,，最有效的辦法就是多做練習,。考生可以通過閱讀托福真題和相關材料,，逐漸提高自己解析長難句的能力,。以下是一個練習題：

“The discovery of penicillin, which revolutionized medicine, was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928.”

請問這句話的主干是什么？答案是：“The discovery of penicillin was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928.” 通過這樣的練習,，你會發(fā)現自己的理解能力逐漸增強,。

希望以上的解析技巧能幫助你在托福閱讀中更好地應對長難句的挑戰(zhàn)！保持耐心,，多加練習,，相信你一定能夠取得滿意的成績！??

Preparing for the TOEFL can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to the reading section. If you are focusing on topics like paleontology, here are some effective strategies to enhance your reading skills. ??

1. Understand the Structure: Paleontology texts often follow a specific structure. They usually begin with an introduction to the topic, followed by detailed descriptions of findings, and conclude with implications or future research directions. Familiarizing yourself with this structure will help you anticipate what to expect as you read. ??

2. Build Your Vocabulary: The reading passages may contain specialized terms related to fossils, geological periods, and evolutionary biology. Create a list of essential vocabulary words, such as "extinction," "fossil record," and "Paleozoic." Understanding these terms will significantly improve your comprehension. You can use flashcards or apps to practice. ??

3. Practice Skimming and Scanning: In the TOEFL reading section, time management is crucial. Practice skimming the text for main ideas and scanning for specific details. For example, if you see a question that asks about the “major cause of extinction,” quickly locate the relevant paragraph instead of reading everything in detail. ?

4. Take Notes While Reading: Jot down key points or summaries of paragraphs as you read. This will not only help you retain information but also serve as a quick reference when answering questions. Consider using diagrams or charts to visualize relationships between different concepts in paleontology. ???

5. Answer Practice Questions: After reading a passage, practice answering questions related to it. Here’s an example of a question you might encounter:

Passage Example: “The fossil record provides evidence of various extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth’s history, including the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.”

Question: What does the fossil record indicate about extinction events?

Sample Answer: The fossil record indicates that multiple extinction events have occurred, with significant evidence for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.

6. Review Past TOEFL Reading Passages: Familiarize yourself with past TOEFL reading passages related to paleontology. Analyze the types of questions asked and how they relate to the content. This will give you a better understanding of what to expect on test day. ??

7. Join Study Groups: Engaging with peers who are also preparing for the TOEFL can provide additional insights and motivation. Discussing paleontological topics and sharing resources can enhance your understanding and retention of the material. ??

8. Utilize Online Resources: Websites like Khan Academy and Coursera offer courses on paleontology and related fields. These resources can supplement your reading practice by providing lectures and interactive content. ??

By implementing these strategies, you can improve your reading comprehension and performance on the TOEFL, especially in areas related to paleontology. Remember, consistent practice and exposure to different texts will ultimately lead to greater confidence and success in your studies. Good luck! ??

托福閱讀易錯句實例是很多考生在備考過程中常常忽略的部分,。理解這些易錯句不僅有助于提高閱讀理解能力，還能幫助你在考試中避免不必要的失分。本文將分享一些典型的易錯句實例,，以及如何有效應對這些挑戰(zhàn),。??

1. 理解句子結構

很多考生在遇到復雜句子時容易出現誤解,。比如：

Example Sentence: "Although the weather was cold, the team decided to continue their practice."

在這個句子中,，"Although"引導了一個讓步狀語從句,，考生需要注意句子的主干是“the team decided to continue their practice”，而不是被“the weather was cold”所干擾,。???

2. 注意否定詞的位置

否定詞的使用可能會改變整個句子的意思。例如：

Example Sentence: "The results were not as expected."

許多考生可能會忽略“not”,，導致他們錯誤地理解為“the results were as expected”,。因此,，仔細審題是非常重要的。?

3. 識別同義替換

托福閱讀中常常會使用同義詞替換來考察考生的理解能力,。比如：

Example Sentence: "The findings were significant, indicating a strong correlation."

如果考生未能識別“significant”和“important”的同義關系，可能會導致對句子整體意思的誤解,。??

4. 分析長句的邏輯關系

長句往往包含多個從句,，這使得考生容易迷失在句子中,。例如：

Example Sentence: "The study, which was conducted over five years, revealed that many participants showed improvement in their skills."

在這種情況下,，考生需要找到主要信息,，即“the study revealed improvement”,，而不是被“which was conducted over five years”所分散注意力,。?

5. 理解上下文關系

上下文對于理解句子的意義至關重要。例如：

Example Sentence: "Despite the challenges, the researchers remained optimistic about their project."

考生需要理解“Despite the challenges”是為了強調研究者的樂觀態(tài)度，而不是簡單地認為項目沒有問題,。??

6. 實踐與復習

為了提高對易錯句的識別能力，考生應該進行大量的閱讀練習,。可以選擇一些托福閱讀材料,，專注于分析句子結構和邏輯關系。以下是一些推薦的資源：

• Official TOEFL iBT Tests
• TOEFL Reading Practice Online
• TOEFL Preparation Books

通過不斷的練習，你將能夠更好地應對閱讀中的易錯句。??

7. 參加模擬測試

模擬測試是檢驗自己水平的有效方式,。在模擬測試中,，注意記錄自己在閱讀部分的錯誤句子,，并進行分析。這樣可以幫助你發(fā)現自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),，從而有針對性地進行改進,。??

希望以上分享的內容能夠幫助到正在備考托福的你！只要堅持練習,，逐漸提高自己的閱讀理解能力，考試時自然會更加從容自信。加油,！??