在1972年，古生物學(xué)家Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge提出了與傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)相對(duì)立的看法,，即間斷平衡假說（punctuated equilibrium hypothesis）。該假說認(rèn)為,，物種的演變通常是突然發(fā)生的,，而不是經(jīng)過漫長的過渡期。

句子分析

本句的主語是Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge,，謂語動(dòng)詞是challenged,，賓語是conventional wisdom。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis則是an opposing viewpoint的同位語,，進(jìn)一步解釋這個(gè)反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn),。在同位語之后，有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,，修飾前面的equilibrium hypothesis,，這個(gè)定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是posits。

詞匯總結(jié)

conventional作形容詞,，表示“傳統(tǒng)的;習(xí)慣的;常規(guī)的”，例如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 我們必須通過控制核武器,、化學(xué)武器和常規(guī)武器來降低戰(zhàn)爭的危險(xiǎn),。

opposing作形容詞，表示“相反的,，對(duì)立的”,，例如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. 瑪麗和喬對(duì)于上學(xué)前班的目的持截然相反的觀點(diǎn)。

punctuate作動(dòng)詞,，表示“不時(shí)打斷”,，例如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries.

equilibrium作名詞，表示“平衡,，均衡”,，例如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium. 本句中的punctuated equilibrium是一個(gè)生物學(xué)科詞，表示“間斷平衡理論”,。

give rise to的意思是“引起,，導(dǎo)致”，例如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems.

burst作名詞,，表示“爆發(fā)”,，例如：bursts of violent temper.

lengthy作形容詞,，表示“(時(shí)間)過長的，冗長的”,。

句子翻譯

1972年,，古生物學(xué)家史蒂芬·杰伊·古爾德和奈爾斯·埃爾德用相反的論點(diǎn)挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)知，即間斷平衡理論,，該理論假定物種演變?yōu)樾碌奈锓N是通過相對(duì)突然的爆發(fā),，而并非通過長時(shí)間的過渡時(shí)期。

以上就是托福閱讀中長難句的訓(xùn)練分析,，希望大家能夠?qū)W到有效的訓(xùn)練和提升方法,，讓自己更為輕松地面對(duì)長難句得到高分。

在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚨倪^程中,，很多考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀部分的長難句往往讓人感到困惑。為了幫助大家更好地理解這些句子,，我們將分享一些有效的解析方法和技巧,，希望能為你的備考提供幫助！??

1. 理解句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

首先,，面對(duì)長難句時(shí),，考生需要抓住句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。這通常包括主語,、謂語和賓語,。在分析句子時(shí)，可以嘗試將句子拆分成小部分,，逐步理解,。例如：

“Although the weather was bad, the team decided to continue with their plans.”

這里，“Although the weather was bad”是一個(gè)從句,，而“the team decided to continue with their plans”是主句,。通過識(shí)別這些部分，考生可以更容易地理解句子的意思,。

2. 注意連接詞的使用

連接詞在長難句中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,，它們幫助我們理解句子之間的關(guān)系。例如,，轉(zhuǎn)折詞（如“however”,、“although”）和因果關(guān)系詞（如“because”、“therefore”）常常是解讀句子的關(guān)鍵,。

例如：

“The research was groundbreaking; however, it faced significant criticism from traditionalists.”

在這個(gè)句子中,，“however”表示轉(zhuǎn)折，提示我們研究雖然有創(chuàng)新,，但也受到批評(píng),，這對(duì)理解整個(gè)句子至關(guān)重要,。

3. 識(shí)別非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句通常用逗號(hào)隔開，提供額外的信息,，但不影響句子的基本意思,。這類從句在長難句中非常常見，理解它們有助于我們獲取更多的背景信息,。

例如：

“The novel, which was published in 1920, has been a classic ever since.”

這里的“which was published in 1920”是非限制性定語從句,，提供了關(guān)于小說的附加信息，但即使去掉這部分,，句子的主要意思依然清晰,。

4. 使用上下文推測詞義

在閱讀長難句時(shí)，考生還可以通過上下文來推測不熟悉單詞的含義,。許多時(shí)候,，前后的句子或段落可以提供足夠的線索，幫助我們理解句子的整體意思,。比如：

“Despite its initial failure, the project eventually proved successful, leading to further funding.”

在這里,，即使“initial failure”這個(gè)詞組可能不太熟悉，但通過后面的“eventually proved successful”,，我們可以推測出項(xiàng)目的最終結(jié)果是積極的,。

5. 多做練習(xí)，積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)

最后,，最有效的辦法就是多做練習(xí),。考生可以通過閱讀托福真題和相關(guān)材料,，逐漸提高自己解析長難句的能力,。以下是一個(gè)練習(xí)題：

“The discovery of penicillin, which revolutionized medicine, was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928.”

請(qǐng)問這句話的主干是什么？答案是：“The discovery of penicillin was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928.” 通過這樣的練習(xí),，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的理解能力逐漸增強(qiáng)。

希望以上的解析技巧能幫助你在托福閱讀中更好地應(yīng)對(duì)長難句的挑戰(zhàn),！保持耐心,，多加練習(xí)，相信你一定能夠取得滿意的成績,！??

Preparing for the TOEFL can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to the reading section. If you are focusing on topics like paleontology, here are some effective strategies to enhance your reading skills. ??

1. Understand the Structure: Paleontology texts often follow a specific structure. They usually begin with an introduction to the topic, followed by detailed descriptions of findings, and conclude with implications or future research directions. Familiarizing yourself with this structure will help you anticipate what to expect as you read. ??

2. Build Your Vocabulary: The reading passages may contain specialized terms related to fossils, geological periods, and evolutionary biology. Create a list of essential vocabulary words, such as "extinction," "fossil record," and "Paleozoic." Understanding these terms will significantly improve your comprehension. You can use flashcards or apps to practice. ??

3. Practice Skimming and Scanning: In the TOEFL reading section, time management is crucial. Practice skimming the text for main ideas and scanning for specific details. For example, if you see a question that asks about the “major cause of extinction,” quickly locate the relevant paragraph instead of reading everything in detail. ?

4. Take Notes While Reading: Jot down key points or summaries of paragraphs as you read. This will not only help you retain information but also serve as a quick reference when answering questions. Consider using diagrams or charts to visualize relationships between different concepts in paleontology. ???

5. Answer Practice Questions: After reading a passage, practice answering questions related to it. Here’s an example of a question you might encounter:

Passage Example: “The fossil record provides evidence of various extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth’s history, including the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.”

Question: What does the fossil record indicate about extinction events?

Sample Answer: The fossil record indicates that multiple extinction events have occurred, with significant evidence for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.

6. Review Past TOEFL Reading Passages: Familiarize yourself with past TOEFL reading passages related to paleontology. Analyze the types of questions asked and how they relate to the content. This will give you a better understanding of what to expect on test day. ??

7. Join Study Groups: Engaging with peers who are also preparing for the TOEFL can provide additional insights and motivation. Discussing paleontological topics and sharing resources can enhance your understanding and retention of the material. ??

8. Utilize Online Resources: Websites like Khan Academy and Coursera offer courses on paleontology and related fields. These resources can supplement your reading practice by providing lectures and interactive content. ??

By implementing these strategies, you can improve your reading comprehension and performance on the TOEFL, especially in areas related to paleontology. Remember, consistent practice and exposure to different texts will ultimately lead to greater confidence and success in your studies. Good luck! ??

托福閱讀易錯(cuò)句實(shí)例是很多考生在備考過程中常常忽略的部分,。理解這些易錯(cuò)句不僅有助于提高閱讀理解能力，還能幫助你在考試中避免不必要的失分,。本文將分享一些典型的易錯(cuò)句實(shí)例,，以及如何有效應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)。??

1. 理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)

很多考生在遇到復(fù)雜句子時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)誤解,。比如：

Example Sentence: "Although the weather was cold, the team decided to continue their practice."

在這個(gè)句子中,，"Although"引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)讓步狀語從句,，考生需要注意句子的主干是“the team decided to continue their practice”，而不是被“the weather was cold”所干擾,。???

2. 注意否定詞的位置

否定詞的使用可能會(huì)改變整個(gè)句子的意思,。例如：

Example Sentence: "The results were not as expected."

許多考生可能會(huì)忽略“not”，導(dǎo)致他們錯(cuò)誤地理解為“the results were as expected”,。因此,，仔細(xì)審題是非常重要的。?

3. 識(shí)別同義替換

托福閱讀中常常會(huì)使用同義詞替換來考察考生的理解能力,。比如：

Example Sentence: "The findings were significant, indicating a strong correlation."

如果考生未能識(shí)別“significant”和“important”的同義關(guān)系,，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)句子整體意思的誤解。??

4. 分析長句的邏輯關(guān)系

長句往往包含多個(gè)從句,，這使得考生容易迷失在句子中,。例如：

Example Sentence: "The study, which was conducted over five years, revealed that many participants showed improvement in their skills."

在這種情況下，考生需要找到主要信息,，即“the study revealed improvement”,，而不是被“which was conducted over five years”所分散注意力。?

5. 理解上下文關(guān)系

上下文對(duì)于理解句子的意義至關(guān)重要,。例如：

Example Sentence: "Despite the challenges, the researchers remained optimistic about their project."

考生需要理解“Despite the challenges”是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)研究者的樂觀態(tài)度,，而不是簡單地認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目沒有問題。??

6. 實(shí)踐與復(fù)習(xí)

為了提高對(duì)易錯(cuò)句的識(shí)別能力,，考生應(yīng)該進(jìn)行大量的閱讀練習(xí),。可以選擇一些托福閱讀材料,，專注于分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,。以下是一些推薦的資源：

• Official TOEFL iBT Tests
• TOEFL Reading Practice Online
• TOEFL Preparation Books

通過不斷的練習(xí)，你將能夠更好地應(yīng)對(duì)閱讀中的易錯(cuò)句,。??

7. 參加模擬測試

模擬測試是檢驗(yàn)自己水平的有效方式,。在模擬測試中，注意記錄自己在閱讀部分的錯(cuò)誤句子,，并進(jìn)行分析,。這樣可以幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，從而有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行改進(jìn),。??

希望以上分享的內(nèi)容能夠幫助到正在備考托福的你,！只要堅(jiān)持練習(xí)，逐漸提高自己的閱讀理解能力,，考試時(shí)自然會(huì)更加從容自信,。加油！??