看電影是很多人的休閑娛樂方式,，但在觀看精彩影片的同時,，是否有人思考過電影是如何一步步發(fā)展的,？在托福聽力考試中,，電影相關(guān)的話題經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),。本文將為廣大考生介紹電影的發(fā)展歷程,。

歷史

電影的演變與攝影技術(shù)密切相關(guān)。1878年,，當人們掌握了捕捉圖像的技術(shù)后,，兩個朋友為了證明一匹馬在奔跑時四個蹄子是否會離開地面,，邀請了一位攝影師拍攝馬奔跑的照片。這一實驗不僅驗證了馬的奔跑狀態(tài),，還使人們首次發(fā)現(xiàn),，通過快速翻看連續(xù)的圖片，可以呈現(xiàn)出運動的效果,，這便是最早的“電影”,。然而，這種技術(shù)只能供一個人觀看,，無法進行投影,。19世紀80年代，投影技術(shù)的發(fā)明使得大規(guī)模觀影成為可能,，但當時的電影仍然只是簡單的動作,，沒有故事情節(jié)的編排。直到19世紀末,，電影仍然處于默片時代,。進入20世紀初，劇院老板開始請樂團為電影配樂,，觀眾逐漸渴望有聲電影,。1920年代，第一部有聲電影問世,，但其配音并不貫穿始終,。隨著有聲電影的成熟，觀眾又開始追求色彩,，二戰(zhàn)后,，彩色電影逐漸取代黑白電影，直到20世紀60年代黑白電影才逐漸被淘汰,。電視機的普及使得人們對電影的熱情減退,，促使電影不斷向更高層次發(fā)展，各種風格的電影相繼出現(xiàn),，新浪潮運動也隨之興起,。專業(yè)電影學(xué)院的建立為電影制作者提供了更好的教育和實踐機會，而21世紀初的數(shù)字技術(shù)發(fā)展則使電影業(yè)達到了新的高度,。

盧米埃爾兄弟與愛迪生

可以說,，大發(fā)明家愛迪生(Thomas Alva Edison)和法國的盧米埃爾兄弟(Lumiere)是電影發(fā)展的奠基人。雖然愛迪生并沒有直接發(fā)明電影,，但他雇傭了一位年輕的蘇格蘭人研發(fā)電影放映系統(tǒng),，并獲得了成功。1888年,，愛迪生發(fā)明留聲機后,，將注意力轉(zhuǎn)向電影,。他的實驗成果包括電影攝影機(Kinetograph)和電影視鏡(Kinetoscope)，后者通過窺視孔放大觀看幻燈片,。第一部獲得版權(quán)的影片由愛迪生公司的一名員工佛萊得·奧特(Fred Ott)主演,，內(nèi)容僅是奧特打噴嚏,。意識到電影行業(yè)的潛力后,，愛迪生在新澤西州建立了電影攝影棚。1893年,，伊斯曼柯達(Eastman Kodak)開始供應(yīng)電影膠卷,，使得愛迪生得以加速制作新電影。當愛迪生公司開發(fā)出完整的投影系統(tǒng)“放映視鏡”(projectoscope)后,，1896年4月23日,，美國首部在電影院播放的電影在紐約市正式上映。

與愛迪生不同,，盧米埃爾兄弟在父親經(jīng)營的照相館學(xué)習了攝影技術(shù),，并在掌管照相器材廠時研制出了“活動電影機”(cinematograph)。作為攝影師,，他們的電影作品更傾向于記錄現(xiàn)實生活,，展現(xiàn)戶外空間，因而被視為紀錄片(documentary)的先驅(qū),。

考題體現(xiàn)

在托福官方真題中,，有篇關(guān)于電影史的文章提到20世紀二三十年代的電影人Jean Painlevé，分析了當時電影的特點,，特別是他的獨特攝影風格,。彼時，電影分類尚不明確,，而Painlevé的風格讓觀眾感到困惑,。他喜歡將科學(xué)與科幻結(jié)合，拍攝水下生物,，尋找動物與人類的共同點,，并通過音樂等手段表現(xiàn)出來。此外,，文中還提到了另一位著名的水下電影制作者Jacques Cousteau,。

通過了解電影的發(fā)展歷程，考生可以更好地把握托福聽力中的相關(guān)話題,，為備考提供幫助,。

As a TOEFL test taker, understanding the nuances of listening comprehension can significantly enhance your performance. One fascinating topic that often appears in the listening section is the history of film development. ?? In this article, we will explore key milestones in the evolution of cinema, while also providing tips to help you excel in the TOEFL listening section.

1. The Birth of Cinema

The journey of film began in the late 19th century with inventions like the zoopraxiscope by Eadweard Muybridge and the kinetoscope by Thomas Edison. These devices allowed people to view a series of images in rapid succession, creating the illusion of motion. This period marked the transition from still photography to moving pictures, laying the groundwork for future developments. ???

2. Silent Films Era

In the early 1900s, silent films became increasingly popular. Directors like D.W. Griffith introduced innovative storytelling techniques, using visual cues and intertitles to convey dialogue. Films such as "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) showcased the potential of cinematic storytelling, despite the lack of synchronized sound. This era was characterized by its expressive acting and elaborate sets, captivating audiences worldwide. ??

3. The Advent of Sound

In 1927, the release of "The Jazz Singer," the first feature-length film with synchronized sound, revolutionized the industry. ?? This breakthrough led to the decline of silent films and the rise of "talkies." The incorporation of sound not only enhanced storytelling but also transformed the way filmmakers approached their craft. As a result, genres like musicals and comedies gained immense popularity, attracting larger audiences.

4. The Golden Age of Hollywood

The 1930s to the 1950s is often referred to as the Golden Age of Hollywood. During this time, major studios produced iconic films that defined American cinema. ?? Movies such as "Gone with the Wind" (1939) and "Casablanca" (1942) became cultural touchstones. This era also saw the emergence of legendary actors like Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn, whose performances captivated audiences and set new standards for acting.

5. The Rise of Independent Cinema

As the 1960s approached, independent filmmakers began to challenge the dominance of major studios. This shift led to the creation of groundbreaking films that explored social issues and pushed artistic boundaries. ??? Directors like Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola gained recognition for their innovative storytelling. The film "Easy Rider" (1969) is often credited with ushering in the era of counterculture cinema, reflecting the changing societal landscape.

6. Modern Cinema and Technology

In recent decades, advancements in technology have transformed the film industry once again. The introduction of CGI (computer-generated imagery) has allowed filmmakers to create stunning visual effects, leading to the success of blockbuster franchises like "Star Wars" and "The Lord of the Rings." ?? Additionally, streaming platforms have changed the way audiences consume films, making them more accessible than ever before.

Tips for TOEFL Listening Section

To effectively tackle the listening section of the TOEFL, consider the following strategies:

• Practice active listening: Focus on understanding the main ideas and supporting details.
• Take notes: Jot down key points while listening to help retain information.
• Familiarize yourself with various accents: Exposure to different English accents can aid comprehension.
• Use practice tests: Regularly practicing with sample questions can build confidence and improve your skills.

By understanding the history of film development and applying effective listening strategies, you can enhance your TOEFL preparation. Remember, consistent practice and exposure to diverse topics will contribute to your overall success in the exam. Good luck! ??

托福聽力背景知識電影百年

對于準備托福考試的考生來說,，聽力部分常常是一個挑戰(zhàn),。尤其是在涉及到文化和歷史背景知識時,，許多考生可能會感到無從下手。今天,，我們就來聊聊如何利用電影這一主題來提升你的托福聽力水平,。

首先，了解電影的發(fā)展歷程是非常重要的,。電影自19世紀末誕生以來,，經(jīng)歷了多個階段，包括默片時代,、好萊塢黃金時代,、以及現(xiàn)代的數(shù)字電影。掌握這些背景知識,，能夠幫助你在聽力材料中更好地理解相關(guān)內(nèi)容,。例如，當你聽到關(guān)于“silent films”的討論時,，你應(yīng)該能夠聯(lián)想到當時的文化氛圍以及技術(shù)限制,。

一、聽力材料中的常見話題

在托福聽力部分,，可能會出現(xiàn)與電影相關(guān)的各種話題,，包括：

• Film Genres: Action, Comedy, Drama, Horror, etc.
• Famous Directors: Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Quentin Tarantino, etc.
• Film Awards: Oscars, Golden Globes, Cannes Film Festival, etc.

當你聽到這些話題時，試著記住一些關(guān)鍵的單詞和短語,，這將有助于你在答題時更快地抓住重點,。

二、提高聽力理解能力的方法

1. 多聽原聲電影：觀看經(jīng)典電影的原聲版本,，嘗試不看字幕,，專注于對話。這不僅能提高你的聽力水平,，還能幫助你熟悉不同的口音和俚語,。

2. 做聽力練習：使用托福聽力練習材料，尤其是那些涉及電影主題的內(nèi)容,。你可以找到一些范文,，例如：

Sample Listening Text:

"In the early 20th century, films were primarily silent. The introduction of sound in movies revolutionized the industry, allowing for more complex storytelling and character development."

Related Question:

"What was the impact of sound on the film industry?"

Answer Options:

• A. It made films longer.
• B. It improved storytelling.
• C. It increased ticket prices.
• D. It limited creativity.

3. 參加討論小組：加入一些電影愛好者的討論小組，通過討論電影的情節(jié)和角色,，增強你的聽力和口語能力,。

三、預(yù)測可能出現(xiàn)的題目

在托福聽力考試中,，可能會出現(xiàn)一些與電影相關(guān)的預(yù)測性題目,，例如：

New Topic Example:

"The evolution of animation from traditional hand-drawn techniques to CGI has transformed the way stories are told in film."

Possible Questions:

• What are the two types of animation mentioned?
• How has CGI changed the film industry?

通過對這些題目的分析，考生可以提前做好準備,，提升自己的應(yīng)試能力,。

四,、結(jié)語

總之，了解電影的歷史和文化背景,，不僅能幫助你在托福聽力部分取得好成績,，還能豐富你的英語學(xué)習體驗。希望以上的建議能對你有所幫助,！??