在托?？荚囍?，聽力和閱讀部分的內容往往涉及電影發(fā)展史。本文將為考生梳理相關知識點,，幫助大家更好地應對考試,。

Historical Background

The evolution of cinema is closely linked to advancements in photography. In 1878, two friends placed a bet to determine if a galloping horse ever had all four hooves off the ground. They invited a photographer to capture the horse in motion, leading to the first instances of "moving pictures." This early form of cinema could only be viewed by one person at a time and lacked projection capabilities. By the 1880s, the invention of projection technology allowed larger audiences to enjoy films, although these were merely simple actions without any storytelling or editing. The silent film era dominated until the early 20th century when theater owners began hiring musicians to accompany the films. The pursuit of sound in movies led to the release of the first talkies in the 1920s, which only had partial dialogue. As sound films matured, color films became the next frontier, with black-and-white films gradually falling out of favor by the 1960s. The advent of television diminished public interest in cinema, prompting filmmakers to innovate further. The emergence of various film styles and movements, including the New Wave Movement, marked this evolution. The establishment of specialized film schools provided aspiring filmmakers with better education and practice, while digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries propelled the industry to new heights.

The Lumière Brothers and Edison

Thomas Alva Edison and the French Lumière brothers are often regarded as pioneers of cinema.

Edison did not directly invent film; instead, he hired a young Scottish inventor to develop a film projection system. After creating the phonograph in 1888, he shifted his focus to film. His contributions included the Kinetograph (a motion picture camera) and the Kinetoscope (a device for viewing films). The first copyrighted film featured Fred Ott sneezing, showcasing the potential of the medium. Recognizing the future success of filmmaking, Edison established a film studio in New Jersey. In 1893, Eastman Kodak began supplying film stock, accelerating production. By April 23, 1896, the first film was screened in a theater in New York City.

In contrast, the Lumière brothers learned photography from their father and later developed the cinematograph. Their approach to filmmaking differed significantly from Edison’s, emphasizing outdoor scenes and real-life moments. They are credited as the founders of documentary filmmaking, capturing the essence of everyday life.

Conclusion

以上是關于托福聽力考點之電影發(fā)展史的簡要概述,?？忌趥淇歼^程中，應注意各單項之間的聯(lián)系,，靈活運用所學知識,，以提升綜合實力。希望這篇文章能為您的備考提供幫助,。

托福聽力備考技巧是每位考生在準備考試時都需要重視的部分,。托福聽力部分不僅考察你的聽力理解能力，還涉及到對學術內容的把握,。以下是一些實用的備考技巧,，幫助你在托福聽力中取得好成績！??

1. 熟悉考試格式

了解托福聽力的考試結構至關重要,?？荚嚪譃閮蓚€部分：“Conversations”（對話）和“Lectures”（講座）。通常,，考生會聽到四段對話和兩段講座,。每段音頻后會有幾個問題，確保你熟悉這些題型,，可以幫助你更好地應對考試,。

2. 提高聽力技巧

在備考過程中，可以通過以下方法提高聽力技巧：

• 多聽英語材料,，如TED Talks,、新聞播報和播客,。
• 練習做筆記，尤其是在聽講座時,，記錄關鍵信息和細節(jié),。
• 進行模擬測試，掌握時間管理和答題節(jié)奏,。

3. 練習聽寫

聽寫是一種有效的提高聽力理解能力的方法,。選擇一段短的音頻，反復聽并嘗試寫下你所聽到的內容,。這可以幫助你提高對細節(jié)的關注度,，并增強對不同口音的適應能力。

4. 注意關鍵詞

在聽的過程中,，注意捕捉關鍵詞是非常重要的,。關鍵詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞,，它們能夠幫助你理解句子的主要意思,。例如，在聽到“research”,、“study”或“findings”等詞時,，要特別留意，因為它們可能與問題直接相關,。

5. 理解語境

在聽對話或講座時,，理解語境可以幫助你更好地把握信息。注意講話者的情感和語氣,，這些往往能傳達出額外的信息,。例如，如果一個教授在討論某個研究時顯得非常興奮,，可能意味著這個研究結果是重要的,。

6. 練習回答問題

在聽完音頻后，盡量用自己的話回答問題,。這不僅可以幫助你鞏固所學內容,，還能提高你的表達能力。以下是一個示例問題：

Question: What are the main findings of the study discussed in the lecture?

Sample Answer: The main findings of the study indicate that there is a significant correlation between exercise and improved mental health, particularly among adolescents.

7. 使用官方材料

使用ETS發(fā)布的官方材料進行練習,，可以幫助你更好地適應真實考試的節(jié)奏和內容,。你可以訪問ETS Official Website，獲取免費的樣題和練習材料,。

8. 保持積極心態(tài)

最后,，保持積極的心態(tài)是成功的關鍵。在備考過程中,，可能會遇到困難,，但要相信自己的努力會得到回報,。??

希望以上的備考技巧能幫助你在托福聽力部分取得理想的成績！祝你好運,！??

When preparing for the TOEFL exam, understanding various topics can greatly enhance your reading comprehension skills. One intriguing subject is the history of film development. This topic not only provides insight into cultural evolution but also enriches your vocabulary and comprehension abilities. ??

Early Beginnings of Cinema

The journey of cinema began in the late 19th century. The invention of the motion picture camera by pioneers like Thomas Edison and the Lumière brothers marked a significant milestone. Their early films were short, often just a few minutes long, and showcased simple everyday activities. These innovations laid the groundwork for what would become a major form of entertainment. ???

The Silent Film Era

As cinema evolved, the silent film era emerged in the 1910s and 1920s. During this time, films relied heavily on visual storytelling and intertitles to convey dialogue. Iconic figures such as Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton became household names, captivating audiences with their comedic talents. The absence of synchronized sound did not hinder the emotional impact of these films, proving that visuals could effectively communicate complex narratives. ??

The Advent of Sound

The introduction of sound in the late 1920s revolutionized the film industry. The first synchronized sound film, "The Jazz Singer", released in 1927, marked the beginning of the "talkies." This innovation transformed how stories were told on screen, allowing for more dynamic performances and deeper character development. Audiences were captivated by the combination of dialogue, music, and sound effects, leading to a new era of filmmaking. ??

The Golden Age of Hollywood

From the 1930s to the 1950s, Hollywood experienced its Golden Age. Major studios like MGM and Warner Bros. produced lavish films that became cultural touchstones. Genres flourished during this period, including musicals, film noir, and epic dramas. Icons such as Audrey Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart defined the era, and their performances continue to influence actors today. ??

The Rise of Independent Cinema

The 1960s and 1970s saw a shift in the film landscape with the rise of independent cinema. Filmmakers like Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola challenged conventional storytelling and explored darker themes. This era also marked the emergence of international cinema, with directors from around the world gaining recognition. The diversity of voices enriched the film industry, paving the way for future generations. ??

Modern Cinema and Technology

In recent decades, advancements in technology have dramatically changed how films are made and consumed. The introduction of CGI and digital cinematography has allowed filmmakers to create stunning visual effects and immersive experiences. Streaming platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime have also transformed distribution methods, giving audiences access to a vast array of films from the comfort of their homes. ??

Vocabulary Building

As you study the history of film development, you will encounter valuable vocabulary that can enhance your TOEFL preparation. Here are some key terms:

• Cinematography: The art of photography and visual storytelling in film.
• Narrative: The structured story that unfolds in a film.
• Genre: A category of films characterized by similar themes or styles.
• Editing: The process of selecting and combining shots to create a cohesive film.

By exploring the rich history of film development, you not only gain knowledge about an essential aspect of culture but also improve your reading skills for the TOEFL exam. Remember to take notes on key points and practice summarizing what you've learned. Good luck with your studies! ??