托福閱讀高難度文章長難度句實(shí)例解析：古生物學(xué)家新理論

在1972年,，古生物學(xué)家Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge提出了一個與傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)相對立的新理論，即punctuated equilibrium hypothesis,。該理論認(rèn)為物種的演變是通過相對突然的爆發(fā)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,，而不是經(jīng)歷漫長的過渡期。

句子分析

本句的主語是,，謂語動詞是challenged,，賓語是conventional wisdom。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis則是an opposing viewpoint的同位語,，進(jìn)一步解釋這個反對的觀點(diǎn),。在同位語之后，有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,，修飾前面的equilibrium hypothesis,，該定語從句的謂語動詞是posits。

詞匯總結(jié)

conventional作形容詞,，表示“傳統(tǒng)的;習(xí)慣的;常規(guī)的”,，例如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 我們必須通過控制核武器、化學(xué)武器和常規(guī)武器來降低戰(zhàn)爭的危險,。Conventional是托福閱讀中經(jīng)?？疾榈母哳l詞匯。

opposing作形容詞,，表示“相反的,，對立的”，例如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. May和Joe對于上學(xué)前班的目的持截然相反的觀點(diǎn),。

punctuate作動詞,，表示“不時打斷”，例如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries. Equilibrium作名詞,，表示“平衡,，均衡”，例如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium.

give rise to的意思是“引起,，導(dǎo)致”,，例如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems. burst作名詞，表示“爆發(fā)”,，例如：bursts of violent temper,。lengthy作形容詞，表示“(時間)過長的,，冗長的”,。

句子翻譯

1972年，古生物學(xué)家史蒂芬·杰伊·古爾德和奈爾斯·埃爾德用相反的論點(diǎn)挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)知，即間斷平衡理論,，該理論假定物種演變?yōu)樾碌奈锓N是通過相對突然的爆發(fā),，而并非通過長時間的過渡時期。

以上就是托福閱讀中長難句的訓(xùn)練分析,，希望大家能夠?qū)W到有效的訓(xùn)練和提升方法,，讓自己更為輕松地面對長難句得到高分。

在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚂r,，閱讀部分常常讓考生感到壓力，尤其是那些復(fù)雜的長難句,。掌握長難句的解析技巧,，不僅能提高閱讀理解能力，還能在考試中獲得更好的分?jǐn)?shù),。本文將為大家分享一些有效的長難句解析方法,，幫助你在托福閱讀中游刃有余。

首先,，我們要了解什么是長難句,。通常，長難句包含多個從句,、復(fù)雜的修飾語以及多層嵌套結(jié)構(gòu),。這些句子雖然看似復(fù)雜，但只要掌握了一些基本的解析技巧,，就能輕松應(yīng)對,。

1. 找出句子的主干 ???：在閱讀長難句時，首先要識別出句子的主語和謂語,。這是理解句子的基礎(chǔ),。例如，在句子“The book that you lent me, which was published last year, is fascinating.”中,，主干是“the book is fascinating”,。識別主干后，再去分析修飾成分,，這樣可以減少理解的難度,。

2. 理解從句的功能 ??：長難句中常常包含定語從句、狀語從句等,。理解這些從句的功能,，可以幫助我們更好地理解句子的整體意思。在上面的例子中,，“that you lent me”和“which was published last year”都是定語從句,，用來修飾“the book”,。

3. 劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu) ??：將長句劃分為幾個短句，可以幫助我們逐步理解句子的意思,。例如,，可以將“The book that you lent me, which was published last year, is fascinating.”劃分為：“The book is fascinating.” 和 “The book was published last year.” 這樣處理后，句子的理解會變得更加清晰,。

4. 注意連接詞 ??：連接詞在長難句中起著關(guān)鍵作用,，它們往往指示了句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,。如“although”,、“because”、“however”等,。這些詞可以幫助我們把握句子的語氣和轉(zhuǎn)折,，從而更好地理解句意。

接下來,，我們來看一個具體的例子,，以便更好地理解以上技巧：

Example: The research conducted by scientists, which involved multiple experiments and extensive data analysis, has led to significant breakthroughs in renewable energy technology.

在這個句子中，我們可以按照以下步驟進(jìn)行解析：

• 主干：“The research has led to significant breakthroughs.”
• 從句：“conducted by scientists”和“which involved multiple experiments and extensive data analysis”分別修飾“research”,。
• 連接詞：在這里沒有明顯的連接詞,，但可以注意到“which”引導(dǎo)了一個定語從句。

通過這樣的解析,，我們不僅能夠理解句子的主旨,，還能抓住細(xì)節(jié)信息，從而在托福閱讀中取得更好的成績,。

最后,，建議考生在平時的練習(xí)中，多做一些長難句的解析練習(xí),?？梢酝ㄟ^閱讀英文文章、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方式來提升自己的能力,。記住,，熟能生巧，越多練習(xí),，你就會越自信,！??

Mastering TOEFL Reading on Paleontology

For many TOEFL test-takers, the reading section can be a challenging hurdle. When it comes to specialized topics like paleontology, effective strategies can make a significant difference. Here are some practical tips to enhance your reading skills and boost your performance on this subject.

Understanding Paleontology Vocabulary ??

Paleontology involves a lot of specific terms and concepts. Familiarizing yourself with common vocabulary is crucial. Here are some essential words you might encounter:

• Fossil: Remains or traces of ancient organisms.
• Extinction: The end of an organism or group of organisms.
• Geological time scale: A timeline that relates geological strata to time.

Knowing these terms will help you grasp the main ideas in reading passages more easily.

Practice with Sample Questions ??

Engaging with practice questions is a great way to prepare. Here’s a sample question based on paleontology:

Sample Question: What can be inferred about the habitat of the dinosaurs mentioned in the passage?

When answering such questions, look for clues in the text that indicate environmental conditions or behaviors of the organisms discussed.

Reading Strategies for Comprehension ??

Effective reading strategies can enhance your understanding. Here are some techniques:

• Skimming: Quickly glance through the passage to get the main idea. Focus on headings, subheadings, and keywords.
• Scanning: Look for specific information, such as dates or names. This is useful for answering detail-oriented questions.
• Note-taking: Jot down important points as you read. This reinforces memory and aids in answering questions later.

Time Management ?

During the TOEFL reading section, managing your time is essential. Aim to spend about 20 minutes on each passage. If you find a question particularly difficult, move on and return to it if time permits. This strategy ensures that you answer all questions within the allotted time.

Analyzing Passage Structure ???

Understanding how a passage is structured can aid comprehension. Many academic texts follow a specific format:

• Introduction: Presents the main topic and thesis.
• Body paragraphs: Provide supporting details and examples.
• Conclusion: Summarizes the key points and implications.

Recognizing this structure allows you to anticipate where to find information and helps in organizing your thoughts while reading.

Utilizing Online Resources ??

There are numerous online platforms offering practice materials tailored to the TOEFL reading section. Websites like ETS (the official TOEFL site) provide sample questions and reading passages. Engaging with these resources can enhance your familiarity with the test format and types of questions.

Real-World Application of Skills ??

Lastly, applying your reading skills to real-world contexts can be beneficial. Read articles, journals, or books related to paleontology. This not only improves your vocabulary but also deepens your understanding of the subject matter.

By implementing these strategies, you can improve your reading comprehension skills in paleontology and increase your confidence when tackling the TOEFL exam. Remember, consistent practice and exposure to the material are key to success! Good luck! ??