在GRE寫作中,，ARGUMENT部分對于考生來說可能會比較具挑戰(zhàn)性,。與ISSUE部分的立論不同，ARGUMENT要求考生分析并駁斥一個給定論點的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。為了幫助GRE考生更好地應(yīng)對這一部分,，本文將通過實例講解如何區(qū)分主次要邏輯漏洞,，從而提升寫作質(zhì)量。

如何識別ARGUMENT中的主要與次要邏輯漏洞,？

在ARGUMENT題目中,，邏輯漏洞的數(shù)量往往不止一處。經(jīng)驗豐富的考生可能會迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)多個問題,，但重要的是要學(xué)會區(qū)分哪些漏洞是主要的,，哪些是次要的。集中精力分析主要漏洞,，可以使文章更加有說服力,。以下是一個具體的實例分析：

GRE Writing ARGUMENT Sample Analysis

The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Translation of the Prompt

最近一項研究根據(jù)每晚平均睡眠時間對300名男性和女性Mentian廣告經(jīng)理需要的睡眠總量與他們公司的成功之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。被研究的廣告公司中,，那些報告每晚需要的睡眠不超過6小時的經(jīng)理有較高的利潤率和較快的增長,。這些結(jié)果表明，如果一個企業(yè)想要成功,，就應(yīng)該雇傭那些每晚只需要不超過6小時睡眠時間的人,。

寫一篇回應(yīng)文章，探討上述論據(jù)中明示和/或隱含的假設(shè),，并解釋該論據(jù)如何建立在這些假設(shè)之上;如果這些假設(shè)不合理,，會對該論據(jù)產(chǎn)生什么影響。

Logical Chain Breakdown

If a business wants to succeed, it should hire only those who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

Writing Thought Process

這道題目選自2016年9月18日的GRE考試,，可以看出題目本身存在多重邏輯漏洞,。例如，研究的結(jié)論是否具有權(quán)威性,、樣本大小是否足夠,、受訪者的性別比例，以及企業(yè)成功是否僅依賴于管理者等問題,。然而,，這些漏洞并不都是值得深入探討的重點。

通常情況下,，主要漏洞往往涉及論點的核心假設(shè),，比如企業(yè)成功是否僅僅依賴于管理者，以及這一現(xiàn)象是否只適用于特定行業(yè)等,。針對這些主要問題進行分析,，能夠增強文章的說服力。而次要漏洞,，如調(diào)查結(jié)果的合理性和權(quán)威性,，雖然也值得提及,，但不應(yīng)成為文章的重點。

綜上所述,，對于正在備考GRE的考生而言,，掌握如何快速識別ARGUMENT中的主要與次要邏輯漏洞是至關(guān)重要的。希望本文提供的技巧和實例分析能夠幫助大家在寫作中取得更好的成績,。通過不斷練習(xí),，熟悉這些邏輯漏洞的識別方法，最終必能寫出高水平的ARGUMENT作文,。

GRE Writing: Analyzing Logical Fallacies ??

As a GRE test-taker, mastering the analytical writing section is crucial. One of the key skills you'll need to develop is the ability to identify and analyze logical fallacies in arguments. This article will guide you through common logical fallacies, how to spot them, and provide tips for effectively addressing them in your essays.

Understanding Logical Fallacies ??

Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. They can take many forms, but recognizing them is essential for crafting a strong response. Here are a few common types:

• Ad Hominem: Attacking the person instead of the argument. For example, "We shouldn't listen to her opinion on climate change because she's not a scientist."
• Straw Man: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. For instance, "My opponent wants to reduce military spending; therefore, he wants to leave us defenseless."
• Slippery Slope: Arguing that a small step will inevitably lead to a chain of related (and often negative) events. Example: "If we allow students to redo tests, soon they will expect to retake every exam."

Identifying Fallacies in Practice ??

When you encounter a prompt, such as "The following appeared in a memo from the director of a local zoo: 'To attract more visitors, we should invest in exotic animals. After all, our neighboring zoo has seen a 20% increase in visitors since acquiring a rare tiger.'", look for the underlying assumptions and potential fallacies. In this case, the argument assumes that exotic animals are the only factor influencing visitor numbers, neglecting other possible reasons for the increase.

Crafting Your Response ??

Your task is to dissect the argument and reveal its weaknesses. Start by clearly stating the argument's main conclusion and supporting evidence. Then, systematically point out any logical fallacies. For example:

"The director's argument relies heavily on the assumption that exotic animals alone will drive visitor numbers. However, this overlooks factors such as marketing strategies, seasonal events, or even changes in ticket pricing. Without addressing these elements, the conclusion remains unsubstantiated."

Using Evidence Effectively ??

In your analysis, backing up your points with relevant examples is vital. You might reference studies showing that visitor numbers can be influenced by various factors, or cite examples of zoos that have successfully increased attendance through means other than acquiring exotic animals. This strengthens your argument and demonstrates critical thinking.

Practice Makes Perfect ??

To prepare for the GRE, practice identifying fallacies in sample prompts. Websites like ETS provide valuable resources, including sample topics and prompts. Regularly writing responses will help you become more comfortable with the format and improve your analytical skills.

Sample Prompt for Practice ??

"The following appeared in a business magazine: 'Companies that implement a four-day workweek report higher employee satisfaction and productivity. Therefore, all companies should adopt this model to improve their performance.'

In your response, consider potential fallacies, such as hasty generalization or overlooking the unique circumstances of different businesses.

Final Thoughts ??

Being able to analyze logical fallacies is a valuable skill not only for the GRE but also for academic and professional success. By practicing regularly and familiarizing yourself with common fallacies, you'll be better equipped to tackle the analytical writing section with confidence. Remember, clarity and structure in your writing will make your analysis more compelling, so take your time to organize your thoughts before you start writing.

Understanding GRE Argument Tasks ??

The GRE Argument task is a critical component of the Analytical Writing section. It requires you to analyze an argument and evaluate its reasoning. Many GRE test-takers find this section challenging, but with the right approach and practice, you can improve your performance. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how to tackle GRE Argument prompts effectively.

What is the GRE Argument Task?

You will be presented with a short argument, typically a paragraph long, that makes a claim based on certain evidence. Your job is to critique the argument, identifying any logical flaws or assumptions that weaken it. This task is not about expressing your personal opinion but rather about assessing the argument’s validity.

Sample Argument Prompt:

"The following appeared in a newspaper article: 'Studies show that students who participate in extracurricular activities perform better academically than those who do not. Therefore, schools should require all students to participate in at least one extracurricular activity to improve overall academic performance.'"

Key Steps to Analyze the Argument:

• Identify the conclusion: What is the main point the author is trying to make? In this case, it’s that requiring extracurricular activities will enhance academic performance.
• Examine the evidence: What evidence supports the conclusion? The argument cites studies linking extracurricular activities to better academic performance.
• Look for assumptions: What assumptions does the argument make? For instance, it assumes that correlation implies causation and that all extracurricular activities are equally beneficial.
• Consider alternative explanations: Could there be other factors contributing to the observed academic success? Perhaps students who engage in extracurriculars are more motivated overall.
• Evaluate the argument's validity: Based on your analysis, how strong is the argument? Does it hold up under scrutiny?

Drafting Your Response ??

Your response should be structured clearly, starting with an introduction that paraphrases the argument. Then, present your analysis in several paragraphs, each focusing on a specific flaw or assumption. Finally, conclude by summarizing your main points.

Example Response Outline:

• Introduction: Briefly summarize the argument and state that it has flaws.
• Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the assumption that correlation equals causation.
• Body Paragraph 2: Address the lack of consideration for other influencing factors.
• Body Paragraph 3: Critique the idea that all extracurricular activities are beneficial.
• Conclusion: Reiterate that the argument is weakened by its assumptions and lack of evidence.

Practice Makes Perfect ??

To excel in the GRE Argument task, practice is essential. Use official GRE materials or reputable prep books to find sample prompts. Time yourself to simulate test conditions and review your responses critically. Consider sharing your essays with peers or instructors for feedback.

Resources for Further Study:

• Official GRE website for sample prompts.
• GRE prep books like "The Official Guide to the GRE General Test."
• Online forums and study groups where you can exchange ideas and receive critiques.

By understanding the structure of the GRE Argument task and practicing regularly, you can develop the skills needed to analyze arguments effectively. Remember, clarity and organization in your writing will help convey your analysis convincingly. Good luck with your GRE preparation! ??