在托福備考中,，閱讀部分是許多考生的強項,，但如果忽視了相關背景知識的學習，可能會導致不必要的失分。本文將為大家提供一篇關于美國土著語言文化的背景材料,，以幫助考生更好地理解相關內容,，提升閱讀能力。

Native American Languages

Before the arrival of Europeans, North America was home to over 300 languages spoken by Native Americans. Unfortunately, many of these languages have vanished, and among the approximately 250 that still exist, several are only spoken by a handful of elderly individuals. However, languages like Cherokee continue to be spoken by a larger community. Today, most Native Americans communicate in English, whether as their primary language or as a secondary one.

Influence on English

Native American languages have contributed numerous terms to the English language, although their meanings have often evolved. For example, teepees refer to a type of tent, while wampum belts, originally crafted from beads, came to symbolize currency for Europeans. Additionally, moccasins, a traditional footwear, are now popular worldwide. Many Native American names are descriptive; for instance, the name of the Asakiwaki tribe translates to 'people of the yellow earth', and the Cherokees refer to themselves as Ani-Yun'wiya, meaning 'the leading people'. In contrast, the term used by Native Americans for Whites was 'people greedily grasping for land'.

Place Names

A significant number of American geographical names derive from Native American languages. For example, Ohio is rooted in Native American terminology, and many towns and cities within the state, such as Chillicothe and Sandusky, as well as lakes like Scioto and Olentangy, originate from these languages.

通過了解美國土著語言文化,，考生能夠在托福閱讀中更好地理解相關內容,，提高自己的閱讀理解能力。希望這篇背景材料對你的備考有所幫助,！

When preparing for the TOEFL exam, understanding diverse cultures can enhance your knowledge and language skills. One fascinating area is the indigenous languages and cultures of the United States. In this article, we will explore the significance of these languages, their unique characteristics, and how they contribute to the cultural tapestry of America. ??

1. Importance of Indigenous Languages

Indigenous languages are not just means of communication; they are vital to the identity and heritage of Native American tribes. Many of these languages carry deep meanings and reflect the history, traditions, and worldviews of their speakers. For instance, the Navajo language, with its complex verb structures, encapsulates a unique way of thinking about time and space. Understanding these languages can provide insights into the cultures they represent. ??

2. Diversity of Languages

The United States is home to over 300 indigenous languages, belonging to various language families. Some of the most well-known include:

• Navajo - Spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, it is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages.
• Cherokee - With its own syllabary, it is an important cultural symbol for the Cherokee Nation.
• Lakota - A member of the Sioux language family, it is spoken by the Lakota people in the Northern Plains.

This diversity highlights the rich cultural heritage of Native American communities and the importance of preserving these languages for future generations. ??

3. Cultural Significance

Each language carries with it stories, songs, and rituals that are integral to the community's cultural practices. For example, the use of the Ojibwe language in traditional storytelling helps maintain connections to ancestors and teaches moral lessons. Language revitalization efforts, such as immersion schools and community classes, are crucial in keeping these traditions alive. ??

4. Challenges Facing Indigenous Languages

Despite their importance, many indigenous languages are endangered. Factors such as colonization, forced assimilation, and globalization have led to a decline in native speakers. According to some estimates, only about 20% of indigenous languages in the U.S. are being actively spoken today. Efforts to document and teach these languages are essential to combat this decline. ??

5. How to Engage with Indigenous Cultures

As a TOEFL student, you can engage with indigenous cultures in various ways:

• Visit museums or cultural centers that focus on Native American history and languages.
• Participate in community events or workshops that celebrate indigenous traditions.
• Explore resources online, such as language learning apps or websites dedicated to indigenous languages.

Engaging with these cultures not only enriches your understanding but also supports the preservation of their languages. ??

6. Preparing for the TOEFL

Understanding the cultural context of language can greatly benefit your TOEFL preparation. Here are some tips:

• Read articles about indigenous cultures to improve your reading comprehension.
• Practice listening by finding podcasts or videos in indigenous languages with English subtitles.
• Incorporate vocabulary related to cultural discussions into your study routine.

By immersing yourself in these topics, you not only prepare for the exam but also gain a broader perspective on the world. ??

In conclusion, delving into the indigenous languages and cultures of the United States offers valuable insights into the nation’s history and diversity. As you prepare for the TOEFL, consider how these elements can enhance your understanding of language and culture, ultimately enriching your overall experience. Good luck with your studies! ??

Understanding Indigenous Cultures in TOEFL Reading ??

As a TOEFL candidate, you might encounter reading passages that delve into indigenous cultures. These texts often explore the traditions, beliefs, and histories of native peoples, which can be quite different from mainstream narratives. Here's how to analyze these readings effectively.

1. Familiarize Yourself with Common Themes ??

Indigenous cultures often emphasize connection to nature, community, and spirituality. When reading, pay attention to how these themes are presented. For example, a passage might discuss the significance of a particular animal in a tribe's mythology. Understanding these elements can help you grasp the main ideas and nuances of the text.

2. Identify Vocabulary Related to Culture ???

Many TOEFL reading passages will include specific vocabulary related to indigenous cultures. Words like "ritual," "heritage," and "tradition" may appear frequently. Make sure to familiarize yourself with such terms, as they can often be the key to understanding the passage’s context.

3. Analyze the Author's Perspective ???

Consider the author's viewpoint when discussing indigenous cultures. Are they presenting a respectful and accurate representation, or is there a potential bias? This critical analysis can aid in answering questions related to the author's intent or tone. Look for phrases that indicate the author's stance, such as "many believe" or "it is often said."

4. Practice with Sample Questions ?

To prepare for the reading section, practice with sample questions that focus on indigenous culture. Here’s an example:

Sample Passage: "The traditional practices of the Navajo people emphasize harmony with the earth and its elements. Ceremonies are held to celebrate the changing seasons and to honor the spirits of nature."

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?

Answer Choices:

• A) The Navajo people have many ceremonies.
• B) Harmony with nature is important in Navajo culture. ?
• C) The changing seasons affect the Navajo lifestyle.
• D) Spirits of nature are feared by the Navajo people.

5. Engage with Authentic Materials ??

Reading books, articles, or watching documentaries about indigenous cultures can enhance your understanding. Authentic materials provide context that can help you relate better to the passages you may encounter on the TOEFL. Look for resources that cover various aspects of indigenous life, including art, music, and social structures.

6. Discuss with Peers ??

Joining study groups or forums where you can discuss indigenous cultures can be beneficial. Engaging in conversations about different perspectives can deepen your understanding and prepare you for potential questions regarding cultural comparisons or contrasts in the reading section.

7. Stay Updated on Current Events ??

Indigenous issues are often part of contemporary discussions. Keeping abreast of current events related to indigenous rights, land disputes, or cultural preservation can provide valuable context for your reading. This knowledge might help you infer meanings and make connections in the passages.

By focusing on these strategies, you can improve your ability to tackle TOEFL reading sections that deal with indigenous cultures. Remember, the key is not just to read but to engage critically with the material. Good luck with your preparation! ??