在托?？荚囍?，掌握專業(yè)詞匯是提高分?jǐn)?shù)的重要一步,。本文將為考生們整理一份關(guān)于藥劑類的詞匯,，希望能幫助大家更好地準(zhǔn)備考試！

各種藥劑

analgesic 　n. 鎮(zhèn)痛劑,，adj. 止痛的

anesthetic 　n. 麻醉劑

antiseptic 　n. 殺菌劑,，adj 防腐的

astringent 　adj. 止血的，收縮的 n. 收縮劑

catalyst 　n. 催化劑

coagulant 　n. 凝結(jié)劑

desiccant 　n. 干燥劑

detergent 　a. 凈化的,，n. 清潔劑

disinfectant 　n. 消毒劑

dose 　n. （藥）劑量

emollient 　n. 潤膚劑

haemostat 　n. 止血器

leaven 　n. 發(fā)酵劑,，v. 發(fā)酵

lubricant 　n. 潤滑劑

nebula 　n. 星云

opiate 　n. 安眠藥

overdose 　n. （藥物）過度劑量

pesticide 　n. 殺蟲劑

placebo 　n. 安慰劑

polish 　v. 把…擦光亮，n. 上光劑

preservative 　adj.n. 防腐的

reagent 　n. 試劑

sedative 　adj.n. 鎮(zhèn)靜的

solvent 　adj. 有償債能力的,，n. 溶劑

stimulant 　n. 興奮劑

tranquillizer 　n. 鎮(zhèn)定劑

styptic 　adj　止血的,n　止血劑

deodorant 　n　除臭劑

precipitant 　n　戀劑,，adj　突如其來的

obtundent 　adj　止痛的,n　緩和劑

abrasive 　n　研磨劑,a　研磨的

antihistamine 　n　抗組胺劑

inhibitor 　n　止氧劑

以上就是我們?yōu)榭忌鷤兲峁┑乃巹╊愒~匯匯總，希望這些詞匯能夠幫助你在托?？荚囍腥〉酶玫某煽?。

Essential TOEFL Vocabulary for Pharmacology

Preparing for the TOEFL exam can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering specialized vocabulary. For students interested in pharmacology, understanding key terms is crucial not only for the exam but also for future studies and careers in the field. Here’s a guide focusing on pharmacology-related vocabulary that can help you excel in the TOEFL exam. ??

Key Pharmacology Terms

Here are some essential terms you should be familiar with:

• Pharmacokinetics: The study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Pharmacodynamics: The branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs on biological systems.
• Bioavailability: The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is available for action.
• Therapeutic index: A measure of the safety of a drug, calculated as the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose.
• Adverse effects: Unwanted or harmful reactions experienced following the administration of a drug.

Practice Questions

To test your understanding of pharmacology vocabulary, here are some practice questions:

1. What is the significance of bioavailability in drug formulation?

   • Answer: Bioavailability is critical because it determines the correct dosage for achieving effective therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.

2. Explain the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

   • Answer: Pharmacokinetics focuses on the movement of drugs within the body, while pharmacodynamics examines the effects drugs have on the body.

Reading Comprehension Practice

Here’s a short text related to pharmacology for reading practice:

"The therapeutic index of a medication is an important factor in determining its safety. A drug with a high therapeutic index is generally considered safer than one with a low therapeutic index, as there is a larger margin between effective and toxic doses." ??

After reading, consider these questions:

• Why is the therapeutic index important?
• How does it influence drug selection in clinical settings?

Listening Practice

For listening skills, find audio resources that discuss pharmacology topics. Listen for specific terms such as adverse effects and drug interactions. Here’s a sample question you might encounter:

"What are some common adverse effects associated with antibiotics?"

Sample Answer: Common adverse effects of antibiotics include gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, and the potential for developing antibiotic resistance.

Tips for Mastering Pharmacology Vocabulary

Here are some effective strategies to help you learn and retain pharmacology vocabulary:

• Create flashcards: Write down the term on one side and its definition on the other. This method helps reinforce memory through active recall.
• Use the words in sentences: Try to incorporate new vocabulary into your own sentences. This practice solidifies your understanding and contextualizes the terms.
• Engage with multimedia resources: Utilize videos, podcasts, and articles focused on pharmacology. Hearing and seeing the terms used in context can enhance retention.

Conclusion

Mastering pharmacology vocabulary is integral to your success on the TOEFL exam and in your future studies. By focusing on key terms, practicing with comprehension questions, and employing effective learning strategies, you'll be well-prepared to tackle any pharmacology-related content on the test. Good luck! ??

Essential TOEFL Vocabulary for Test Takers

Preparing for the TOEFL exam can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering the vocabulary required for success. Familiarizing yourself with key terms not only enhances your understanding but also boosts your confidence during the test. Here are some important vocabulary tips and strategies to help you excel! ??

1. Understanding the Structure of the TOEFL

The TOEFL exam consists of four main sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. Each section tests different skills, and having a strong vocabulary is essential across all of them. For instance, in the Reading section, you might encounter passages that include complex academic language.

2. Focus on Academic Vocabulary

One effective way to prepare is by studying academic vocabulary. Words that frequently appear in academic texts can significantly impact your comprehension. Here are some examples:

• Analyze: To examine something in detail.
• Concept: An abstract idea or general notion.
• Significant: Important or noteworthy.
• Interpret: To explain the meaning of something.
• Establish: To set up or lay the groundwork for something.

3. Practice with Realistic Materials

Utilize resources such as TOEFL practice tests and sample essays. Reading real passages and listening to authentic audio can expose you to the context in which these words are used. For example, here’s a sample reading question:

Reading Text: "The theory of evolution explains how species change over time through natural selection."

Question: What does the term "natural selection" refer to?

Answer: Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

4. Enhance Your Listening Skills

In the Listening section, pay attention to the vocabulary used by speakers. Take notes while listening to lectures or conversations. This practice helps you remember how certain words are pronounced and used in context. For instance, you might hear:

Listening Text: "To comprehend the complexities of the human brain, researchers must conduct thorough investigations."

Question: What is essential for researchers according to the speaker?

Answer: Conducting thorough investigations is essential for understanding the complexities of the human brain.

5. Utilize Flashcards Effectively

Creating flashcards can be a practical way to memorize vocabulary. Write the word on one side and its definition or an example sentence on the other. Regularly review these flashcards to reinforce your memory. For example:

Word: "Facilitate"

Definition: To make an action or process easier.

Example: "The new software will facilitate communication among team members."

6. Join Study Groups

Engaging with peers can enhance your learning experience. Join a study group where you can discuss vocabulary and share tips. Teaching others can also reinforce your own understanding. Consider discussing topics like:

• Environmental issues
• Cultural differences
• Technological advancements

7. Stay Consistent

Consistency is key in vocabulary acquisition. Set aside time each day to learn new words and review old ones. Use them in sentences or find ways to incorporate them into your daily conversations. Remember, practice makes perfect! ??

By following these strategies and focusing on essential TOEFL vocabulary, you will improve your chances of achieving a high score. Good luck with your preparation! ??